• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1969

The experimental studies were performed to observe the characteristics of the myelinated nerve fibers of the tradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves in dog In the work to be reported five mixed breed Korean dog were used, they were one year old and he body eights were about 12 Kgm. in average with healthy conditions. The specimens (nerve) were taken at the point of 1.5 cm posterior part from the left and right phrenic nerves entrance to the diaphragm, and the dorso-lateral and dorso-medial branches of phrenic nerves vere also, taken at the point of 0.5 cm distal part from their branching portion. The specimens were fixed for 24 hrs. in Flemming's solution, and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin section. were cut at 6 microns and stained with Walter's modification of Weigert-pal method for the myelinated fibers. Microphotographs were taken and enlarged into 750 times of the actual size, and the diameter of the photographic images of the myelinated fibers were measured by the scale on the transparent Percepex Plate. The following conclusions were made: 1. The percentage of distribution of the several intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were as follows. Ventral branches were 34.97%, lateral branches were 37.90%, dorsal branches were 27.13%, and the dorsal branches were branched again into dorso-lateral branches(54.22%) and dorso-medial branches (45. 78%). 2. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left ventral branches were $490.80{\pm}12$, and at the right ventral branches were $486.6{\pm}13$. Total average cross sectional area on the left ventral branches were 38,000. $6{\pm}136{\mu}^2$, and the right ventral branches were $37,150.2{\pm}1.782{\mu}^2$. 3. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left lateral branches were $533.8{\pm}8$, and at the right lateral branches were $525.6{\pm}7$. Total average cross sectional area of the left lateral branches were $41,582{\pm}1,170{\mu}^2$, and the right lateral branches were $40,454.8{\pm}812{\mu}^2$. 4. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left dorsal branches were $378.2{\pm}14$, and at the right dorsal branches were $380.2{\pm}8$. Total average cross sectional area of the left dorsal branches were $27,771{\pm}1,256{\mu}^2$, and the right dorsal branches were $27,507.2{\pm}645{\mu}^2$. 5. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated fibers at the left dorso-lateral branches were $205.4{\pm}15$, and at the right dorso-lateral branches were $210.6{\pm}17$. Total average cross sectional area of the left dorso lateral branches were $15,354. 8{\pm}1,519{\mu}^2$, and the right dorsal branches were $15,887{\pm}1,297{\mu}^2$. 6. The mean value and S.D. of the total numbers of the myelinated nerve fibers at the left dorso-medial branches were $175{\pm}14$, and at the right dorso-medial branches were $176.2{\pm}17$. Total average cross sectional area of the left dorso-medial branches were $13,037.4{\pm}944{\mu}^2$, and at the right dorso-medial branches were, $13,103{\pm}1,373{\mu}^2$. 7. The highest frequent distribution of the intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were found in the $10-12{\mu}^2$ groups, and they were almost 30% of the total groups. 8. The largest fibers diameter were in the $14-16{\mu}^2$ groups, and these were shown the lowest frequent distribution. 9. The largest cross sectional area of the intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were found in the $10-12{\mu}^2$ groups. 10. All of the intradiaphragmatic branches of phrenic nerves were unimodal which has a peak in the $10-12{\mu}^2$ groups.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.90-101
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of various quantitative indices for the differentiation of benign from malignant primary soft tissue tumors by FDG-PET. A series of 32 patients with a variety of histologically or clinically confirmed benign (20) or malignant (12) soft tissue lesions were evaluated with emission whole body (5min/bed position) PET after injection of [$^{18}F$]FDG. Regional 20min transmission scan for the attenuation correction and calculation of SUV was performed in 16 patients (10 benign, 6malignant) followed by dynamic acquisition for 56min. Postinjection transmission scan for the attenuation correction and calculation of SUV was executed in the other 16 patients (10 benign, 6 malignant). The following indices were obtained. the peak and average SUV (pSUV, aSUV) of lesions, tumor-to-background ratio acquired at images of 51 min p.i. ($TBR_{51}$), tumor-to-background ratio of areas under time-activity curves ($TBR_{area}$) and the ratio between the activities of tumor ROI at 51 min p. i. and at the time which background ROI reaches maximum activity on the time-activity curves ($T_{51}/T_{max}$). The pSUV, aSUV, $TBR_{51}$, and $TBR_{area}$ in malignant lesions were significantly higher than those in benign lesions. We set the cut-off values of pSUV, aSUV, $TBR_{51},\;TBR_{area}$ and $T_{51}/T_{max}$ for the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions at 3.5, 2.8, 5.1, 4.3 and 1.55, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 91.7%, 80.0%, 84.4% by pSUV and aSUV, 83.3%, 85.0%, 84.4% by $TBR_{51}$, 83.3%, 100%, 93.8% by $TBR_{area}$ and 66.7%, 70.0%, 68.8% by $T_{51}/T_{max}$. The time-activity curves did not give additional information compared to SUV or TBR. The one false negative was a case with low-grade fibrosarcoma and all four false positives were cases with inflammatory change on histology. The visual, analysis of FDG-PET also detected the metastatic lesions in malignant cases with comparable accuracy In conclusion, all pSUV, aSUV, $TBR_{51}$, and $TBR_{area}$ are useful metabolic semi-quantitative indices with good accuracy for the differentiation of benign from malignant soft-tissue lesions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.347-357
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• 2003

This paper describes on the suppression of sea clutter on marine radar display using a cell-averaging CFAR(constant false alarm rate) technique, and on the analysis of radar echo signal data in relation to the estimation of ARPA functions and the detection of the shadow effect in clutter returns. The echo signal was measured using a X -band radar, that is located on the Pukyong National University, with a horizontal beamwidth of $$3.9^{\circ}$$, a vertical beamwidth of $20^{\circ}$, pulsewidth of $0.8 {\mu}s$ and a transmitted peak power of 4 ㎾ The suppression performance of sea clutter was investigated for the probability of false alarm between $l0-^0.25;and; 10^-1.0$. Also the performance of cell averaging CFAR was compared with that of ideal fixed threshold. The motion vectors and trajectory of ships was extracted and the shadow effect in clutter returns was analyzed. The results obtained are summarized as follows；1. The ARPA plotting results and motion vectors for acquired targets extracted by analyzing the echo signal data were displayed on the PC based radar system and the continuous trajectory of ships was tracked in real time. 2. To suppress the sea clutter under noisy environment, a cell averaging CFAR processor having total CFAR window of 47 samples(20+20 reference cells, 3+3 guard cells and the cell under test) was designed. On a particular data set acquired at Suyong Man, Busan, Korea, when the probability of false alarm applied to the designed cell averaging CFAR processor was 10$^{-0}$.75/ the suppression performance of radar clutter was significantly improved. The results obtained suggest that the designed cell averaging CFAR processor was very effective in uniform clutter environments. 3. It is concluded that the cell averaging CF AR may be able to give a considerable improvement in suppression performance of uniform sea clutter compared to the ideal fixed threshold. 4. The effective height of target, that was estimated by analyzing the shadow effect in clutter returns for a number of range bins behind the target as seen from the radar antenna, was approximately 1.2 m and the information for this height can be used to extract the shape parameter of tracked target..

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.212-228
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• 2013

Stone cultural heritages are repaired by the use of metal stiffeners. The problem is that this type of repair has been based on the experience of workers without specific guidelines and has caused various problems. This is to suggest the structural reinforcement and behavioral characteristics of metal rods to minimize the secondary damage of materials and have the specimens tested and verified to establish the guidelines on how to insert metal stiffeners. When only epoxy resin is applied to the cut surface, only 70% of the properties of the parent material are regenerated and it is required to structurally reinforce the metal stiffener for the remaining 30%. The metal rod is under the structural behavior after the brittle failure of stone material and the structural behavior does not occur when the metal stiffener is below 0.251%. When it accounts for over 0.5%, it achieves structural reinforcement, but causes secondary damage of parent materials. The appropriate ratio of metal stiffener for the stone material with the strength of $1,500kgf/cm^2$, therefore, should be between 0.283% and 0.377% of the cross section of attached surface to achieve reversible fracture and ductility behavior. In addition, it is more effective to position the stiffeners at close intervals to achieve the peak stress of metal rod against bending load and inserting the stiffener into the upper secions is not structurally supportive, but would rather cause damage of the parent material. Thus, most stiffeners should be inserted into the lower part and some into the central part to work as a stable tensile material under the load stress. The dispersion effect of metal rods was influenced by the area of reinforcing rods and unrelated to their diameter. However, it ensures stability under the load stress to increase the number of stiffeners considering the cross section adhered when working on large-scale structures. The development length is engineered based upon the diameter of stiffener using the following formula: $l_d=\frac{a_tf_y}{u{\Sigma}_0}$. Also, helically-threaded reinforcing rods should be used to perform the behaviors as a structural material.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 2003

This study was carried out to examine the nitrogen removal rate of a subsurface-flow treatment wetland system which was constructed on floodplain of the Kwangju River from May to June 2001. Its dimensions were 29m in length, 9m in width and 0.65m in depth. A bottom layer of 45cm in depth was filled with crushed granite with about $15{\sim}30\;mm$ in diameter and a middle layer of 10cm in depth had pea pebbles with about 10 mm in diameter. An upper layer of 5 cm in depth contained course sand. Reeds (Phragmites australis) were transplanted on the surface of the system. They were dug out of natural wetlands and stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Water of the Kwangju River flowed into it via a pipe by gravity flow and its effluent was funneled back into the river. The height of reed stems was 44.2 cm in July 2001 and 75.3cm in September 2001. The number of stems was increased from $80\;stems/m^2$ in July 2001 to $136\;stems/m^2$ in September 2001. Volume and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2001 through December 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged 40.0 and $39.2\;m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic detention time was about 1.5 days. Average nitrogen uptake by reeds was $69.31\;N\;mg/m^2/day$. Removal rate of $NO_3-N$, $NH_3-N$, T-N averaged 195.58, 53.65, and $628.44\;mg/m^2/day$, respectively. Changes of $NO_3-N$ and $NH_3-N$ abatement rates were closely related to those of wetland temperatures. The lower removal rate of nitrogen species compared with that of subsurface-flow wetlands operating in North America could be attributed to the initial stage of the system and inclusion of two cold months into the six-month monitoring period. Increase of standing density of reeds within a few years will develop both root zones suitable for the nitrification of ammonia and surface layer substrates beneficial to the denitrification of nitrates into nitrogen gases, which may lead to increment in the nitrogen retention rate.