• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the bone mineral density (BMD) and the anthropometric measurements, socioeconomic factors, family history of osteoporosis and other environmental factors affecting BMD in children. One hundred sixty children (80 males, 80 females) in second grade of elementary school in Seoul were recruited; the mean age was 7.7 $\pm$ 0.47 years. Bone mineral density was measured in the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), femoral trochanter (FT), and Ward's triangle (WT) by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Socioeconomic factors, family history of osteoporosis, and other environmental factors were assessed by questionnaire. Bone mineral densities of LS, FN, FT, and WT were 0.677, 0.637, 0.618, and 0.658 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. BMD of boys was higher than that of girls (LS: 0.685 vs. 0.669, FN: 0.660 vs. 0.614, FT: 0.632 vs. 0.604, WT: 0.678 vs. 0.639 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$). Anthrometric measurements (height, weight relative body weight, circumference of waist and hip) were positively correlated with BMD. With increasing family income, BMD of LS was significantly lowered, and negative correlation was observed between mother's age at birth of subject and the BMD of FN. And the BMD of children with a family history of osteoporosis was significantly lower. However BMDs were not different by educational level of parents, family pattern, delivery term, birth weight, and type of feeding. Further studies are needed to clarify the factors affecting BMD of children and earlier age, included infants and even prenatal life. If any association is revealed and persist until the attainment of peak bone mass, osteoporosis prevention programs are needed to be start very early in the life cycle.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2010

Peak bone mass is established predominately during childhood and adolescence. It is an important determinant of future resistance to osteoporosis and fractures to gain bone mass during growth. The issue of low bone density in children and adolescents has recently attracted much attention and the use of pediatric dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is increasing. The process of interpretation of pediatric DXA results is different from that of adults because normal bone mineral density (BMD) of children varies by age, body size, pubertal stage, skeletal maturation, sex, and ethnicity. Thus, an appropriate normal BMD Z-score reference value with Z-score should be used to detect and manage low BMD. Z-scores below -2.0 are generally considered a low BMD to pediatrician even though diagnoses of osteoporosis in children and adolescents are usually only made in the presence of at least one fragility fracture. This article will review the basic knowledge and practical guidelines on pediatric DXA based on the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) Pediatric Official Positions. Also discussed are the characteristics of normal Korean children and adolescents with respect to BMD development. The objective of this review is to help pediatricians to understand when DXA will be useful and how to interpret pediatric DXA reports in the clinical practice for management of children with the potential to develop osteoporosis in adulthood.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2009

The achievement of maximal peak bone mineral density (BMD) in early life is one of the most important strategies for the prevention of osteoporosis, which is affected by nutritional status. However, it has been reported that young Korean women do not consume the optimal levels of nutrients because of the frequent practice of body weight reduction. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrient intakes and BMD in young Korean women. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Information on health status, lifestyle and physical activity was obtained by questionnaire. Dietary intake was ascertained from a 3-day dietary record. The study sample included 112 Korean women aged 20$\sim$39 yr. In accordance with the energy intake of subjects, individuals who had an energy intake that was greater than 80% of the Korean Dietary Reference Intake (KDRI) were assigned to the control group (Control), while those who had an energy intake lower than 80% of the KDRI were assigned to the low intake group (LI). The intake of all nutrients in the LI group was significantly lower than that of the Control. Control subjects also showed nutrient intakes higher than the KDRI, except for Ca and folate. However, LI subjects showed intakes of energy, fiber, Ca, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and folate that were lower than the KDRI. The BMD of the lumbar spine in LI subjects was significantly lower than that of the Control subjects. These results suggested that lower nutrient intake has a negative impact on BMD in young women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1446-1456
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• 1998

Bones are important parts in sustaining the shape of the body, but they are also metabolic organs which undergo bone remodeling by constant bone resorption and formation. Osteoporosis, the typical metabolic bone disease, is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). Women more than men are at risk fir osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the lumbar spine, wrist, and hip region. Risk of fracture depends on one's BMD, which open determined by the peak bone mass value achieved at skeletal maturity and followed by subsequent age-and menopause-related bone loss. Genetic and environmental factors are known to play a key role in bone metabolism and diet is considered as one of the important environmental factors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the status of BMD and bone mineral content(BMC) to clarify the relationships between dietary intakes and the risk of osteoporosis in adult women in Taegu. Subjects were 130 healthy females in between 20 and 69 years of age. BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine(venebrae L2-4) of the subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The average age of the subjects was 47.4${\pm}$11.7 years old, the average weight was 57.2${\pm}$8.4kg, the average age of menarche was 16.6${\pm}$1.9 years old and the average age of menopause was 48.4${\pm}$5.3 years old. The nutrient intakes of the subjects measured by the convenient method were generally lower than the level of RDA. The result of nutrient intake assessed has shown that the average energy intake was 1701${\pm}$316kca1 which is 85.1% of the RDA and the average calcium intake was 485.4${\pm}$172.3mg which is 69.3% of the RDA. The intakes of protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin were greater than the RDA, whereas the remaining nutrient intakes were lower than the RDA. The average BMD of the subjects was shown to be 1.06${\pm}$1.09g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The highest BMD of 1.24${\pm}$0.14g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was noticed in the subjects of 30s compared to 20s, 40s, 50s, 60s. The BMD values were compared by the relative body weight(R3W) of the menopause subjects, and it was found that the underweight group had significant lower BMB while the rest of the groups did not have any differences in BMD. The most strongly correlated nutrient with BMD among the menopause subjects appeared to be calcium. The women whose Ca intakes were higher than 500mg showed the significantly higher BMD than those with Ca intakes lower than 500mg. This study suggests that the most effective way to prevent osteoporosis and to reduce the incidences of fractures seems to be minimizing bone loss through the adequate intake of calcium as well as avoiding underweight, especially in menopausal women. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) . 1446-1456, 1998)

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1994

The relationship between bone mineral density and the environmental factors were investigated from the view point of preventing osteoporosis in Korean pubescent girls. The effects of calcium, nutrient intake, physical activity on total bone mineral density, lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral density and total bone mineral content were evaluated 33 healthy pubescent girls aged 14∼16y. A convenient method was used to assess nutritional and energy intake and calcium index was used together. Calcium intake in childhood was estimated by asking whether subjects usually drank milk as children. Eating habits data and history of menstruation were obtained by questionnaire and interview. Average energy expenditure was calculated. Bone mineral density and content were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX＋Scanner (Lunar, Madison, WI). The lumbar spine(L2∼L4) and three sites in the proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric region, and Ward's triangle)were measured. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index(BMI) was derived from the formula : BMI=kg/㎡ Statistical analysis was performed by simple correlation using the SAS package. The mean calcium intake (736mg) was below the RDA of 800mg/d. Twelve percent of the total subjects did not drink milk at all because they did not like the taste. Skipping meals, low calcium intake and low energy intake were significantly correlated with the low BMD. Also the data indicate that girls who reported drinking milk with every meal during childhood had significantly higher bone densities than girls who reported drinking milk less frequently. The results suggest that milk consumption in childhood appears to be needed not only for growth and development, but possibly also to assure an optimal peak of bone mass and thus greater latitude for the maintenance or skeletal integrity in the face of bone losses. There was a highly significant correlation between the total BMD and overall level of physical activity. Body weight was a better predictor of total BMD than was and other factor. Simple mechanical loading may explain why body weight, but total BMC was positively relatd to height. Conclusively, increasing calcium intake and physical activity in the pubescent girls could influence BMD.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bone-conserving effects of Rubus coreanus-Cheonggukjang (RC-CGJ) supplemented with more intensified phytochemicals compared to general Cheonggukjang (CGJ) in growing rats. Eighteen rats were divided into 3 treatment groups (Control, CGJ, and RC-CGJ) and were given experimental diets for 9 weeks. All of the rats in this study were fed a AIN-93G-based diet. Both CGJ groups were fed with 33.1% CGJ and RC-CGJ powder, respectively. The results of this study indicate that weight gain, mean food intake, and food efficiency ratio were not significantly different by the experimental diets among all groups. Spine bone mineral density (BMD) and femur BMD were not significantly different by the experimental diets. Spine bone mineral content (BMC) was significantly higher in the RC-CGJ and CGJ groups than in the control group, regardless of CGJ type. The femur BMC of the CGJ supplemented group was significantly higher compared with the control group and the RC-CGJ group. Compared with the control group, spine BMD and femur BMD per weight were markedly increased in the RC-CGJ and CGJ group regardless of CGJ type. Also, spine BMC per weight was significantly higher in the RC-CGJ group than in the CGJ group. However, femur BMC per weight was significantly higher in the CGJ group than in the RC-CGJ group. It can be concluded that RC-CGJ and CGJ supplemented diets have more beneficial effects on spine and femur peak bone mass in growing rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2015

이소플라본 보충과 운동의 병행이 성장기 암컷 흰쥐의 골격대사에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 생화학적 골대사 지표 및 골대사 관련 호르몬, 척추와 대퇴 골밀도 및 골함량에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 체중증가량과 식이섭취량, 식이효율은 이소플라본 보충과 운동의 병행에 따라 실험군간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 골형성 지표인 혈중 ALP와 osteocalcin은 이소플라본 보충과 운동의 병행에 따라 실험군간에 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 골용해 지표인 요 중 DPD crosslink value는 실험군간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 골대사관련 호르몬인 혈중 부갑상선 호르몬, 칼시토닌 및 에스트로겐 농도도 실험군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 척추 골밀도, 척추 골함량 및 대퇴골함량은 이소플라본 보충과 운동의 병행에 의해 유의적인 차이가 없었고 대퇴골밀도는 IFR군이 대조군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 체중당 대퇴골함량은 IFS군이 대조군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 체중 당 척추골밀도 및 척추골함량, 체중 당 대퇴골밀도는 대조군과 비교하여 이소플라본 단독 보충, 달리기운동 병행, 수영운동 병행 모두 유의적으로 증가하여 실험군내에서 이소플라본 보충과 운동 병행에 따른 유의적 차이는 없었고 운동병행군에서는 운동형태에 따라 달리기와 수영 운동의 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 성장기 쥐에서 이소플라본 보충과 운동의 병행은 이소플라본 단독보충과 비교하여 상승효과는 없었으나 이소플라본의 섭취 및 달리기와 수영운동 병행 각각은 척추 및 대퇴 골밀도와 골함량을 증가시켜 성장기 최대골밀도 형성에 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.3781-3788
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• 2014

국민건강영양조사 제 5기 1 2차년도에 참여한 남성을 대상으로 연령에 따른 부위별 골밀도 변화, 골 소실률에 대해서 알아보고자 시도 하였다. 연령에 따른 골밀도 변화를 가장 잘 보여 주기 위해 Cubic regression을 사용하였고, 척추, 대퇴경부, 대퇴골 전자부, Ward 부위 골밀도 차이는 분산분석을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 요추, 대퇴골 전체, 대퇴경부, 대퇴골 전자부, Ward 부위의 최대 골밀도는 20-24세였으며, 75-79세에서 골 소실률이 가장 높았다. 따라서, 남성에서는 75세 이상에서 골다공증의 집중적인 관리가 필요할 것이며, 남성에서의 골다공증 진단기준은 국제 임상 골밀도 학회(The International Society for Clinical Densitometry; ISCD)의 지침을 따르는 방안을 고려해 봐야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.87-98
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• 1998

본 연구는 한국노인의 식습관에 근거한 영양섭취 패턴을 분석하고 요추 골밀도를 측정하여 식이 인자와 과거의 우유 및 유제품의 섭취경력이 골밀도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 노인들을 대상으로 과거의 식습관을 조사하는 것은 매우 어려우므로 본 연구에서는 인지회상법(cognitive food frequency recall method)을 우리나라의 식습관과 생활여건에 맞게 수정하여 사용하였다. 38~67세 사이의 여성을 대상으로 골밀도 135명을, 식이섭취조사, 인체계측, 혈액, 과거의 우유제품 섭취조사에 임한 조사대상자는 170명이었다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 평균연령은 53.4세, 평균체중은 57.9kg, 평균신장은 157.4cm, 체질량지수는(BMI)는 36.73, 섭취열량은 2,101.3㎉, 칼슘의 섭취량은 638.7mg, 단백질 섭취량은 70.3g이었고, RDA에 근접되거나 약간 상회하는 정도의 영양섭취와 신체소견을 나타내었고, 50~54세군에서 가장 높은 BMI를 보였으나 각 연령군간의 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 2. 요추의 골밀도 측정치는 평균(L2-L4) 0.912g/$ extrm{cm}^2$로, 50세 이하군에서 1.02g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 50~54세군에서 0.92g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 55~59세군에서 0.85g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 60세 이상에서 0.81g/$\textrm{cm}^2$으로 연령의 증가에 따라 현격한 감소를 나타내었다. 3. 열량섭취와 식이 단백질량, 칼슘, 인은 상호 높은 양의 상관을 보였고, 요추의 골밀도에는 연령, 체중이 식이 요인보다 유의한 상관이 있었다. 4. 유제품의 과거의 섭취 경험은 탈지유의 섭취가 가장 많았고, 탈지유 이외의 다른 유제품의 섭취 경험이 없는 대상자가 94% 이상이었다. 유제품의 상용섭취를 시작한 시기는 4~5년전부터로 대다수가 청장년기의 유제품 섭취경험이 없었다. 5. 유제품의 섭취 빈도와 골밀도는 섭취시기가 10대 이전이 가장 상관이 높았고, 특히 60세 이상군에서 현저한 유의적 상관이 있었으며, 50~59세 사이와 20~30대에서도 유의적인 상관이 높았으며, 50세 이하군에서는 유의한 상관이 없었다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 볼 때, 여성의 골격 건강을 위해 열량, 단백질, 칼슘, 인 등의 식이 섭취량이 척추 골밀도와 밀접한 관련성을 나타냈고 과거의 유제품의 섭취, 어린 시절에 섭취한 경험자일수록 일생동안 충실한 골질량과 높은 골밀도치를 유지할 수 있었다. 그러나 아직 우리나라의 일상 식사에서 칼슘을 권장량 이상으로 섭취하는 여성이 적으므로 칼슘 섭취량에 대한 강조가 필요하며, 폐경 후의 급격한 골손실을 고려해 볼 때 30대 이전에 어느 정도의 칼슘 섭취량이 바람직할 것인가에 대해서는 계속적인 연구가 요구된다. 또한 일상생활에서 우유 및 우유제품의 섭취를 증가시키기 위해 꾸준한 국민적 홍보가 필요할 것이다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

Purpose: Osteoporosis is often considered as a women's disease, but men's osteoporosis is also increasingly recognized as an important public health problem. This study was carried out to identify the important modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis in men. Methods: Two hundred and fourteen men were selected among those who checked bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in lumbar vertebrae from June to September, 2009 at 3 general hospitals in Busan. Self-administrated questionnaires and BMD results of lumbar vertebrae were used for data. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS 14.0 program. Results: The sports activity level in 30's, body weight, and fracture history of mother were the most powerful influencing factors on the bone mineral density of lumbar vertebrae. Conclusion: These results highlight the need to participate vigorously in sports activity during 30s as a means of increasing peak bone mass in lumbar vertebrae in order to prevent osteoporosis and fracture in men.