• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.4 s.57
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• pp.237-243
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• 1983

A biological study was done on primary parasites and hyperparasites of cow-pea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, collected from Mt. Gyeryong and Daejeon area during the period from April to September 1983 was. The results of mummification of primary parasites, host selectivity between primary parasites and hyperparasites and ratio of mummification, no. of ar chegonia and longevity of important species were obtained as follows; Eight species of Aphidiidae were identified and listed and four of them, Binodoxys nearactaphidis Mackauer, Lipolexis scutellaris Mackauer, Lysiphlebus salicaphis(Fitch)and Trioxys hokkaidensis Takada found for the first time in Korea. Among the 509 mummies collected in the field, adult Aphidiid and adult hyperparasites were $44.8\%,\;and\;43.8\%$, respectively. Lysiphlebus ambiguus, Lysiphlebus salicaphis, Lysiphlebia japonica and Lipolexis scutellaris were a few of important species attacking cow-pea aphid and the rate of their occurrences were $31.6\%,\;18.8\%,\;16.7\%\;and\;11.4\%$, respectively. All the hyperparasites collected from cow-pea aphid were recorded for the first time in Korea; those were Lygocerus testaceimonus Kieffer, Protaphelinus nikolskajae (Jasnosh), Eucoila sp., Gastranscistrus sp., Ardilea convexa(Walker), Asaphes vulgaris Walker. Among the collected hyperparasites, Eucoila sp., A. vulgaris and A. Convexa were dominant species and their occurence rate was $39.9\%,\;34.1\%\;and\;19.7\%$, respectively. As a results of analysis on parasite-hyperparasite interrelationship in cow-pea aphid, Lipolexis scutellaris was attacked from 3 out of 6 hyperparasites and the others was attacked from almost all the hyperparasites. Lysiphlebus ambiguus was higher than Lysiphlebia japonica in the ability of parasitism. There was no difference between Lysiphlebus ambiguus(272) and Lysiphlebia japonica(279) in number of archegonia, but L. ambiguus$(66.9\%)$ was higher than L. japonica$(43.0\%)$ in the rate of mummification to archegonia. The longevity of Aphidiidae and hyperparasites was investigated by feeding honey. The results showed that hyperparasites had lived 15.8 to 21. 5 days, while Aphiidiidae lived only 2 to 3 days.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.26 no.2 s.71
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• pp.71-81
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• 1987

This study was conducted to study the effects of temperature on the oviposition, feeding and emergence of the azuki bean weevil(ABW) (Callesobruchus chinensis L.) in the stored beans. And ovipositional preference, hatching and emergence on the preference and non-preference hosts were also investigated. ABW has four generations a year and overwinters as larva stage in the bean grains. Optimum oviposition temperature of the ABW ranges from $25^{\circ}C\;to\;30^{\circ}C$. Oviposition preference in different hosts was in the order of azuki bean, mung bean, soy bean, kidney bean, black-soybean, pea. At $25^{\circ}C$, optimum development temperature emergence of period the ABW averaged 29 days on azuki bean, 31 days on mung bean, 49 days on soy bean, 46 days on black-soybean, 34 days on Pea. Percent hatch in different hosts was in the order of azuki bean, mung bean, soy bean, pea, black-soybean, kidney bean. But percent emergence was in the order of azuki bean, mung bean, pea, black-soybean, kidney bean. Especially, in azuki bean and mung bean, percentage of hatching and emergence was very high. And in soy bean and black-soybean, percentage of hatching was high but emergence was low. The kidney bean was hatching but not emergence at all. The longevity at the different temperatures appeared to be $4{\sim}5$ days at $35^{\circ}C,\;5{\sim}7$ days at $25^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, $10{\sim}15$ days at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;19{\sim}24$ days at $15^{\circ}C$. Kidney bean of feeding non-preference host oviposited at Seed coat and Endosperm, but no larva developed. And cotyledon and embryo parts were not oviposited at all. The percentage of germination of egg laid bean grain and damaged bean grains was low. Especially, the percentage of germination of damaged bean grains was 0% on azuki bean, 5% on black-soy bean, 7% on Pea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.255-272
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• 2011

This work studied the growth and yield of green crops, changes of mineral composition in greenhouse soil and green crops, and infection with wintering green crops cultivation in greenhouse field. At 74 days after seeding of wintering green crops, dry matter was 710kg/10a in rye, 530kg/10a in barley, 230kg/10a in hairy vetch, and 240kg/10a in bean or weeds. Total nitrogen content in green crops was 4.5% in pea and hairy vetch, and 3~4% in barley and rye. $P_2O_5$, CaO, and MgO contents in all green crops were about 1.0%, and $K_2O$ content was the highest level by 4~5% among macro elements. Total nitrogen fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 22.1kg/10a in rye, 20.6kg/10a in barley, 10.6kg/10a in hairy vetch, and 9.6kg/10a in pea and giant chickweed. $P_2O_5$ fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 8.4kg/10a in rye, 6.3kg/10a in barley, and 2.3 kg/10a in hairy vetch and pea. $K_2O$ fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 28kg/10a in rye, 24.7kg/10a in barley, and 11kg/10a in hairy vetch and pea. CaO fixing content in shoot green crops uptaken from soil was 2~3kg/ 10a in all green crops, and MgO fixing content was 1.7~2.6kg/10a in all green crops. Pepper growth in no-tillage was not a significant difference at all green manure crops. The number of fruit and fruit weight were higher in control, pea, hairy vetch and harvest barley than rye and barley. Soil mineral compositions in wintering green crops increased at pH, organic matter, CEC compared with control. Soil chemical compositions were stable level at green crops cultivation according as decreases of EC, available phosphoric acid, Ca, and Mg contents. After no-tillage by green manure crops, pH in soils was higher in green manure crops than control. EC content in soils was lower in green manure crops than control, and was remarkably low level in barley harvest. Organic matter content in soils increased in hairy vetch and barley green manure but decreased by 35% in barley harvest. Total nitrogen and avaliable $P_2O_4$ content in soils remarkably increased but was not a significant difference at all green manure crops. Cation (K, Ca, and Mg) content in soils decreased by 15~20% in K, 2~11% in Ca, and 3~6% in Mg at rye, barley and pea compared with control.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1977

This experiment was conducted in the laboratory in order to find out the relationships between the root growth and soil physical properties. The soils selected for this study were Sangju sandy loam, Yeongog loam, Hwadong silty clay loam, which have been considered to be a typical upland soils of Korea. Artificial core samples were made with various moisture contents and bulk densities. Elongation rate of pea seedling taproot and soil strength were measured respectively in these core samples. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The soil strength increased with the bulk density and deceased with moisture content. 2. The correlation between root elongation and soil bulk density was significantly recognized at the same moisture content and the root elongation was influenced by the bulk density more significantly at dry condition. 3. The elongation rate of pea seedling taproot was significantly decreased by increasing the strength (Yamanaka tester and Fine probe) of the soils. 4. The soil strength of $21kg/cm^2$ in fine metal probe or 24mm in Yamanaka tester was considered to be the critical point for plant growth, which was restricting root elongation smaller than 1/4 of the maximum growth rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.84-85
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• 2009

New approaches for detecting, preventing and remedying environmental damage are important for protection of the environment. Procedures must be developed and implemented to reduce the amount of waste produced in chemical processes, to detect the presence and/or concentration of contaminants and decontaminate fouled environments. Contamination can be classified into three general types: airborne, surface and structural. The most dangerous type is airborne contamination, because of the opportunity for inhalation and ingestion. The second most dangerous type is surface contamination. Surface contamination can be transferred to workers by casual contact and if disturbed can easily be made airborne. The decontamination of the surface in the nuclear facilities has been widely studied with particular emphasis on small and large surfaces. The amount of wastes being produced during decommissioning of nuclear facilities is much higher than the total wastes cumulated during operation. And, the process of decommissioning has a strong possibility of personal's exposure and emission to environment of the radioactive contaminants, requiring through monitoring and estimation of radiation and radioactivity. So, it is important to monitor the radioactive contamination level of the nuclear facilities for the determination of the decontamination method, the establishment of the decommissioning planning, and the worker's safety. But it is very difficult to measure the surface contamination of the floor and wall in the highly contaminated facilities. In this study, the poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate) [poly(St-EA)] core-shell composite polymer for measurement of the radioactive contamination was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization. The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite emulsion particle was core-shell structure, with polystyrene (PS)as the core and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) as the shell. Core-shell polymers of styrene (St)/ethyl acrylate (EA) pair were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SOS) as an emulsifier using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The polymer was made by impregnating organic scintillators, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis[5-phenyl-2-oxazol]benzene (POPOP). Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of composite polymer. The products are characterized by IT-IR spectroscopy, TGA that were used, respectively, to show the structure, the thermal stability of the prepared polymer. Two-phase particles with a core-shell structure were obtained in experiments where the estimated glass transition temperature and the morphologies of emulsion particles. Radiation pollution level the detection about under using examined the beta rays. The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite polymer synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization was a core-shell structure, as shown in Fig. 1. Core-shell materials consist of a core structural domain covered by a shell domain. Clearly, the entire surface of PS core was covered by PEA. The inner region was a PS core and the outer region was a PEA shell. The particle size distribution showed similar in the range 350-360 nm.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1013-1025
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze longitudinal effect of physical education activity (PEA) score on self-rated health evaluation change (SHEC). This study used hierarchical linear and nonlinear models to investigate of the SHEC during the transition into adolescence (from middle school 1st to high school 2nd grade). Using the Korea children and youth panel survey (KCYPA), data were collected over the course of five years (from 2010 and 2014). HLM 6.8 computer program was used to analyze the data. The result were as follows. First, boys' SHEC increased across the five years, and girls' SHEC decreased across the five years. Second, boys' the self-rated health was increased across the three years and decreased across the two years. Third, girls' the self-rated health was increased across the two years and decreased across the three years. Fourth, the PEA score of 1st grade of high school showed a significant positive association with the boys' SHEC. Fifth, the PEA score of 1st grade of middle school showed a significant negative association with the girls' SHEC.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1021-1029
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• 2022

Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the rules of postprandial changes in intestine digesta dry matter (DM) flow and amino acid digestibility of growing pigs fed low-protein (LP) diets made of different starch. Methods: Eight barrows (28.8±2.1 kg) with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8×3 Youden square design. Treatments included: waxy corn starch LP (WLP); corn starch LP (CLP) and pea starch LP (PLP). Diets were given at 08:00 and 20:00. Digesta samples were collected in six 2-h stages from 08:00 to 20:00. Results: The Cr concentrations of ileal digesta increased and then decreased in WLP and CLP, while increased continuously in PLP as time passed after postprandial (p<0.05). Higher average Cr concentrations (0.78% and 0.84% vs 0.70%; p<0.05) and lower average DM flow (181.1 g/kg and 166.3 g/kg vs 240.3 g/kg; p<0.001) were observed in WLP and CLP, compared with PLP. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of most amino acids in WLP and CLP increased compared with that in PLP. No difference in lysine or methionine digestibility was observed. When digesta were collected in 2-h periods, the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids did not change over time. When digesta was collected in 4-h periods from 16:00 to 20:00 and 6-h periods from 14:00 to 20:00 (p<0.05), WLP and CLP showed markedly higher amino acid digestibility than PLP Conclusion: High-amylose slowly digested starch can increase the DM flow at the distal ileum and reduce the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of pigs fed LP diets. Compared with waxy corn starch and corn starch, pea starch reduced the digestibility of amino acids in digesta collected after 4 h postprandial.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.277-298
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• 1991

Review of Korean and Chinese traditional nuruk was performed on the longitudinal change of ingredients and method of each nuruk. Manufacturing process of common nuruk was that flour, wheat chaff, grinded green pea and smartweed were doughed, footpressed to make 凹 type, covered it with mugwort, lotus leaf and cocklebur leaf and suspended it with string for 60 days to get wild mold. This is named Beungkuk. Manufacturing process of Sankuk was that cooked rice or uncooked rice grain was scattered, mixed often for 30 days. Ryokuk and Hongkuk are called Sankuk.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.107-110
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• 1995

Space charge formation in epoxy/silica composites has been investigated by the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method. The addition of silica resulted in homocharge formation, which attributed to the interfacial trapping of injected charge at epoxy/silica interfaces, Homocharge accumulation with increase of voltage and silica content.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.170-171
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• 2001