• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-56
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• 2005

This paper used two threshold approaches to measure the equity in urban households' out-of-pocket payments for health care from 1997 to 2002, which developed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer. One approach used catastrophic health expenditure, which means that payments exceed a 'pre-specified proportion' of total consumption expenditures or ability to pay and the other used impoverishment that they did not drive households into poverty. Indicies for 'catastrophic expenditure' captured intensity as well as its incidence and also the degree of which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measure of poverty impact also captured both intensity and incidence. The methods applied with data on out-of-pocket payments from the Urban Household Expenditure Survey Incidence and intensity of catastrophic payments - both in terms of total household consumption as well as ability to pay - increased between 1997 and 2002, and that both incidence and intensity of 'catastrophic expenditure' became less concentrated among the poor, but more concentrated in 2001 than in 1997. The incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments increased between 1997 and 2002. Health security system may not have provided financial protection against catastrophic health expenditure to low-income households, because of high user fee policy not considering income level. The policies alleviating catastrophic health payments among the poor need to be more developed, and two threshold approaches further evaluated on our policy context.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.393-400
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• 2017

Objectives: To relieve the financial burden faced by households, the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) system introduced a "copayment ceiling," which evolved into a differential ceiling in 2009, with the copayment ceiling depending on patients' income. This study aimed to examine the effect of the differential copayment ceiling on financial protection and healthcare utilization, particularly focusing on whether its effects varied across different income groups. Methods: This study obtained data from the Korea Health Panel. The number of households included in the analysis was 6555 in 2008, 5859 in 2009, 5539 in 2010, and 5372 in 2011. To assess the effects of the differential copayment ceiling on utilization, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, and catastrophic payments, various random-effects models were applied. Utilization was measured as treatment days, while catastrophic payments were defined as OOP payments exceeding 10% of household income. Among the right-hand side variables were the interaction terms of the new policy with income levels, as well as a set of household characteristics. Results: The differential copayment ceiling contributed to increased utilization regardless of income levels both in all patients and in cancer patients. However, the new policy did not seem to reduce significantly the incidence of catastrophic payments among cancer patients, and even increased the incidence among all patients. Conclusions: The limited effect of the differential ceiling can be attributed to a high proportion of direct payments for services not covered by the NHI, as well as the relatively small number of households benefiting from the differential ceilings; these considerations warrant a better policy design.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.75-87
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• 2015

The current study examines whether consumers' perceived usefulness of and trust in the integrated mobile payments services positively influence consumer loyalty to the payments system as well as to the online shopping websites where they have used the payments system. Moreover, the study investigates the effects of individual characteristics and brand awareness of the provider of mobile payments on perceived usefulness and trust. Online survey was administered to consumers ranging in age from 20s to 40s. Data analysis reveals that as consumers' perceived usefulness of and trust in the mobile payments system positively influence consumer loyalty to mobile payments and shopping mall websites. The results of the study suggests that e-commerce's user interface design, particularly the transaction system, should receive greater attention as a basic web element of e-commerce building rather than a set of plug-ins or so.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.347-351
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• 2022

The article is devoted to the formation of approaches to improving the system of administration of customs payments in modern conditions. It is established that important components of the administration of customs payments are customs expertise, customs value assessment, and control over the declaration of goods to ensure the completeness and timeliness of customs duties payments to the budget. It is found that the practice of customs administration shifts the emphasis of foreign trade regulation to the use of the principles of work implying the use of the latest technologies for the preliminary electronic exchange of information, remote customs clearance of goods without the physical presence of an official, and consistent application of risk management. It is established that an important place in the structure of the state authorities regulating the foreign economic activity is given to the customs service. Furthermore, the existing problems in the implementation of international trade operations necessitate the improvement of approaches to the customs regulation of export-import activities of enterprises.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.327-347
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• 2014

The purpose of this article is to explore the strength of user's right in service delivery process, and focuses on two areas. First one is to discuss the necessity which the process of service delivery will be changed from supplier-oriented system to user-oriented one, in order to strengthen user's right, especially in terms of choice and control. It can be facilitated by the abolishing of classification of disability. Second one is to introduce direct payments which money is directly given to user, instead of being given to supplier. This article also stresses that there is possibility of setting up direct payments because voucher system, a precursor of direct payments, is widely settled down for social service area in Korea.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.323-328
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the changes in purchasing decisions in conducting transactions using cash and digital payment systems. Cash payment systems are very different from digital payments because they no longer use banks as intermediaries for transactions. The scope of this study is to determine the differences that take place with purchasing decisions using digital payment systems with OVO Indonesia smart applications. By using the paired T-test sample test method and testing the regression class assumptions, it is expected we will document the comparison between cash and digital payment systems as regards changes in consumers' buying interest behavior towards goods. Data is obtained by purposive sampling using special characteristics for smart application users. The results show that digital payments are developing very quickly, but cash payments still dominate due to the unavailability of complete facilities and infrastructure to support digital payment systems other than in cities. This study illustrates that digital payments have not been able to completely change consumer buying behavior in large numbers, but the main finding in this study is an increase in the percentage of digital payment usage to the online market, due to the many conveniences provided in OVO smart applications.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.241-257
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• 2020

Globally, Fintech, which acts to replace existing intranational payment methods, is actively used, and such Fintech payments are widely accepted in international B2C trade. However, Fintech for B2B trade has not been released to the market thus far, and previous attempts at electronic international payment systems, such as Bolero, TradeCard, and Identrus, have not succeeded, and most of them have completely disappeared. On the other hand, there are continuing attempts to introduce Fintech technologies such as blockchain to international payments, and these attempts are more widely pursued in foreign countries. If international payments using Fintech are marketed through foreign services and such Fintech services become the de-facto standard for international payments, then Korea in which dependency on international trade is high will be vulnerable due to a dependency on foreign services such as relying on foreign SNS platforms like Facebook and Instagram. Therefore, this paper proposes a business model that can be used as a legitimate B2B trade international payment system on the basis of domestically provided services, focusing on various services afforded by K-SURE, which is the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation.

• 한국산학경영학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.101-123
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• 2004

This study examines empirically the significant changes in tax payments when the consolidated tax return is introduced in the future. We estimate the consolidated tax payments under the eight cases which are classified as such : whether only 100% ownership subsidiaries should be included or 80% and over, whether all subsidiaries should be included or only subsidiaries with loss, and whether unrealized profits from intercompany transactions should be excluded or not. After estimating the consolidated tax payments, we test the difference between the consolidated tax payments and the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. The results of the test show that the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries. We interpret that the inclusion of the losses of the subsidiaries in the consolidated tax base makes the tax payment decrease. Based on our analysis about 3.8 billion Won per each parent company would decrease due to the introduction of the consolidated tax return. And we find that under the mandatory consolidated tax return system the significant difference between the consolidated and individual tax payment exists except that the only 100% ownership subsidiaries are included and unrealized profits from intercompany transactions are not excluded. However, when the parent companies have the discretion to select the consolidated subsidiaries, the consolidated tax payments are significantly less than the sum of the individual tax payments of the subsidiaries regardless of the ownership percentage, inclusion of the loss of the subsidiaries and exclusion of the unrealized profits.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose the authentication server system that prevent hacking in In-app billing applications. And we also propose the methods to verify electronic receipt for the payment of internal app payments and to check the integrity of the applications. Then we designed the payment metabolic system that checks between products-offer list and paid subscription if payment system is hacked with new hacking technologies different from existing ones. And then we implemented proposed authentication system and experimented with about 10,000 average internal application payments per an hour. It shows that proposed system has defensive techniques that counter attacks against in-app billing but it takes more than 0.8916 seconds than no-certification system that is considered as relatively short time.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.61-73
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• 2017

In the Health Insurance System of South Korea, patients must pay high out-of-pocket expenditures for the medical service by uninsured medical benefits. So, the government implemented a policy to relieve the burdens of patients by lowering the uninsured selective-medical treatment costs in August, 2014. This study investigate the policy effects of selective-medical treatment(SMT) on the medical service's usage and cost with severe lung cancer patients. The patients are selected in one university hospital(with 1,000 beds), between one year before and after policy implementation. The study find that the usages of outpatient(visit number) and inpatient (length of stay) are not changed by statistically significant. It means that there are no effect in medical service behavior between before and after the policy. In medical expenses, outpatients decreased in their out-of-pocket payments by policy, but total medical expenses and insured medical benefits is not changed, because of the increased another medical insurance fees. For inpatient, although the SMT costs are statistically significant decrease, the total out-of-pocket payments and insured medical expenses are not changed statistically significant. Those findings show that the political decision making about SMT made lowing the selective-medical expenses, but total insured cost and patient's out-of pocket money were not changed by the new increased medical insurance fees. It means that the policy about SMT gave no particular benefit for patients. So, it need another benefit plans to lower the medical expenses of severe lung cancer patients with a high medical service usage and much total medical expense.