• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.33-50
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• 2002

This study examines cross-national patterns of asymmetry of marriage tables with respect to educational level and tries to measure the degree of gender inequality across nations. A Primary assumption of the study is that gender inequality inhibits symmetric marriage between men and women. As men and women differ more in status, the rate of symmetric marriage between them declines thus producing asymmetric marriage with respect to social status. More specifically, the main object of the study is to develop statistical models and index with which to assess the patterns and degree of asymmetric marriage. Additionally, it is intended to assess the appropriateness of several theoretical perspectives for explaining these variations identified by the statistical models. Two most important such perspectives are industrialism and theory of politics and culture. To answer these questions, this study relies on twenty-seven marriage tables with respect to educational level, some from published tables, and some extracted from other sources. The main findings of the study are: (1) compared to less industrialized countries, more industrialized countries have lower degrees of asymmetric marriage(gender inequality) with respect to educational level, and (2) other things being equal, differences in politics and culture seem to have the some impact on marriage pattern; for instance, social democracy and state socialism reduce the degree of asymmetric marriage while the high emphasis on gender-based hierarchy in Asian countries seems to increase it In short, these results suggest a weaker or modified version of industrialists That is, while with economic growth most nations show a decline in the degrees of asymmetric marriage with respect to social status, for some nations the degrees of asymmetric marriage are affected by their specific politics or cultures.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.80-98
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• 2023

In the late Joseon Dynasty, when the bride would ride a palanquin when she went to live with her in-laws, it was a custom to cover the palanquin with tiger skin to ward off misfortunes that may come her way. The higher classes used tiger skin or leopard skin for this purpose, but the common people had to substitute this expensive item with a tiger pattern painted on a blanket. Such blankets were called hotanja, hogu, hoguyok and the like. The term "hotanja" is a pure Korean word. It is not known when the cover for the bridal palanquin was first used, but it was popular from the end of the 19^th century and then gradually disappeared. This is due to the introduction of new Western style weddings that eliminated the need for a bridal palanquin. The tiger print blanket was used not only to cover the bride's palanquin but also to cover a table or floor during the wedding ceremony. This study ran a material analysis on nine pieces of tiger print blankets. All of the blanket artifacts examined in this study had an outer cover and a lining made of fabric that used cotton thread for the warp and wool thread for the weft. Two kinds of wool were found in the weft thread in the outer covers: fat-tailed sheep hair from China and goat hair for carpets from the Hebei province, China. Records show that "blankets with painted tiger patterns" were imported from Russia, and the imported blankets were from Russia and China. The outer cover can be categorized into six types, and the lining into three types depending on the weave and direction of the thread twist. The hem facing can be divided into four types. The lining and outer cover use the full width of the fabric, which was woven in wide widths of 135 cm or wider. The tiger pattern on the blanket was made by stenciling. The stencil design of the body and tail of the tiger were placed on a red blanket to be painted in white, and then the background color of the tiger, which is yellow, would be painted over the white, and then black stripes would be added. The pattern of the tiger varies, which shows that the blankets were made by various craftspeople. The pattern of the tiger print blanket is usually of a tiger lying down, but there were tiger print blankets with a tiger standing up. The pattern of the tiger grew smaller over time, and flower patterns were added in the background. Decorative elements were gradually added to the tiger print blanket patterns, but its function as a palanquin cover became lost. By taking the features of tiger print blankets into consideration, it can be assumed that there are imported pieces among the remaining pieces, and were produced in various places because it was popular at that time.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2002

Apical and subapical fragments of Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss (Rhodophyta) were cultured on a temperature-light gradient table with four temperature $(15,\;20,\;25\;and\;30^{\circ}C)$ and five light intensity $(20,\;40,\;60,\;80\; and\;100{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}s^{-l})$ regimes to examine growth responses. Their growth was measured weekly. Plant weight and lateral branch formation were affected by temperature and light intensity. As compared with other reports, relative growth rate (RGR) in both fragments was more or less high with 6.27 to $11.95\%$ $day^{-1}$. It was lowest at $15^{\circ}C$ with $20\mu mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-l}$, whereas, the highest value was recorded at $25^{\circ}C$ with $100\mu mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-l}$ During the experimental period, the growth pattern in G. verrucosa was significantly different between apical and subapical fragments, even though RGR based on weight was similar. Growth in apical fragments depended on elongation by apical growth. By contrast, subapical fragments mainly increased their weights by proliferation of lateral branch. This suggests that intercalary activity (e.g. lateral branch formation) is also an important means for growth of the thallus in Korean G. verrucosa. In conclusion, the relatively high growth potential with the intercalary activity in G. verrucosa will be helpful for mariculture in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.18 no.2 s.23
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• pp.19-22
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• 2004

Seasonal changes of topograpy, sediment grain size and accumulation rate on the Gomso-Bay tidal flat(Fig. 1), west coast of Korea, have studied in order to understand the seasonal accumulation pattern and preservation potential of tidal-flat sediments. Seasonal levelings across the tidal flat show that the landward movement of both intertidal sand shoals and cheiers accelerates during the winter and typhoon period, but it almost stops in summer when mud deposition is instead predominant on the middle to upper tidal flat. Seasonal variations of mean grain size were largest on the upper part of middle tidal flat where summer mud layers were eroded during the winter and typhoon periods(Fig. 2). Measurements of accululation depths from sea floor to basal plate reveal that accumulation rates were seasonally controlled according to the elevation of tidal-flat surface(Table 1) : the upper flat, where the accumulation rate of summer was generally higher than that of winter, was characterized by a continuous deposition throughout the entire year, whereas on the middle flat, sediment accumulations were concentrated in winter realtive to summer, and were intermittently eroded by typhoons. The lower tidal flat were deposited mostly in winter and eroded during summer typhoons. Cancores taken across the tidal flat reveal that sand-mud interlaers resulting from such seasonal changes of energy regime are preserved only in the upper part of the deposits and generally replaced by storm layers downcore(Fig. 3). Based on above results, it is suggested that the storm deposits formed by winter stors and typhoons would consist of the major part of the Gomso-Bay deposits(Fig. 4).

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2001.01a
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• pp.65-70
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• 2001

We consider a hyper-redundant system that consists of many uniform units. The hyper-redundant system has many degrees of freedom and it can accomplish various tasks. Applysing the reinforcement learning to the hyper-redundant system is very attractive because it is possible to acquire various behaviors for various tasks automatically. In this paper we present a new reinforcement learning algorithm "Q-learning with propagation of motion". The algorithm is designed for the multi-agent systems that have strong connections. The proposed algorithm needs only one small Q-table even for a large scale system. So using the proposed algorithm, it is possible for the hyper-redundant system to learn the effective behavior. In this algorithm, only one leader agent learns the own behavior using its local information and the motion of the leader is propagated to another agents with time delay. The reward of the leader agent is given by using the whole system information. And the effective behavior of the leader is learned and the effective behavior of the system is acquired. We apply the proposed algorithm to a snake-like hyper-redundant robot. The necessary condition of the system to be Markov decision process is discussed. And the computer simulation of learning the locomotion is demonstrated. From the simulation results we find that the task of the locomotion of the robot to the desired point is learned and the winding motion is acquired. We can conclude that our proposed system and our analysis of the condition, that the system is Markov decision process, is valid.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.369-374
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• 2016

Recently, due to the rapid development of smart computing technology, there have been a lot of studies on 3D navigation, and consequently the advanced commercial 3D navigation system and 3D VTS system are on the market. Even the 3D technology is well known and wide spreaded, unfortunately, the secret of code behind is still unleashed. The purpose of this paper is to show the basic methodologies to display ENC features under 3D display environment to meet the requirement of S-52 standards. The OpenGL ES is used to develop 3D ENC Viewer for further use on mobile platforms and web based vessel monitoring system. P articularly, area object triangulation, complex line drawing, polygon pattern filling and symbol drawing by texture mapping are explained in detail. The result of performance test is shown as table for correlation of SENC file size to display speed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10057-10059
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• 2015

Positron emission tomography (PET) as the functional component of current hybrid imaging (like PET/CT or PET/MRI) seems to dominate the horizon of medical imaging in coming decades. $^{18}$Flourodeoxyglucose ($^{18}FDG$) is the most commonly used probe in oncology and also in cardiology and neurology around the globe. However, the major capital cost and exorbitant running expenditure of low to medium energy cyclotrons (about 20 MeV) and radiochemistry units are the seminal reasons of low number of cyclotrons but mushroom growth pattern of PET scanners. This fact and longer half-life of $^{18}F$ (110 minutes) have paved the path of a centralized model in which $^{18}FDG$ is produced by commercial PET radiopharmacies and the finished product (multi-dose vial with tungsten shielding) is dispensed to customers having only PET scanners. This indeed reduced the cost but has limitations of dependence upon timely arrival of daily shipments as delay caused by any reason results in cancellation or rescheduling of the PET procedures. In recent years, industry and academia have taken a step forward by producing low energy, table top cyclotrons with compact and automated radiochemistry units (Lab-on-Chip). This decentralized strategy enables the users to produce on-demand doses of PET probe themselves at reasonably low cost using an automated and user-friendly technology. This technological development would indeed provide a real impetus to the availability of complete set up of PET based molecular imaging at an affordable cost to the developing countries.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.783-801
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• 2016

The purpose of this research is to grasp the influencing factors on the labor market entry of disabled women, and to suggest policy alternatives to support the labor market entry of them. This article utilized the survey data of the 3rd to the 7th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled in 2010-2014(by PSED), which is a longitudinal survey for the disabled in Korea. I analyzed the pattern changes of the labor market entry of them with the passage of years, and the influencing factors on that by the event history analysis. The major findings are as follows: First, according to the life table analysis involved in change of the labor market entry, 90% of them continued to remain the longest period of unemployment for four years and the labor market entry rate was only 10% of them. Second, the result of Cox regression analysis shows that public benefit recipient or not, the degree of disability and discrimination experience at the job market were factors to affect the labor market entry. With these results, this study suggested the practical alternatives to improve the labor market entry of disabled women.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.386-393
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• 2011

In this study, we report an effective k-domain linearization method with a pre-calibrated indexed look-up table. The method minimizes k-domain nonlinear characteristics of a swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system by using two arrays, a sample position shift index and an intensity compensation array. Two arrays are generated from an interference pattern acquired by connecting a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) to the system. At real time imaging, the sample position is modified by location movement and intensity compensation with two arrays for linearity of wavenumber. As a result of evaluating point spread functions (PSFs), the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is increased by 9.7 dB. When applied to infrared (IR) sensing card imaging, the SNR is increased by 1.29 dB and the contrast noise ratio (CNR) value is increased by 1.44. The time required for the linearization and intensity compensation is 30 ms for a multi thread method using a central processing unit (CPU) compared to 0.8 ms for compute unified device architecture (CUDA) processing using a graphics processing unit (GPU). We verified that our linearization method is appropriate for applying real time imaging of SS-OCT.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 1987

To investigate the relationship between craniofacial growth and bone maturity of the hand wrist in normal occlusion, the author took cephalogram and handwrist radiogram of 391 students (male 192, female 199) and assessed the measurements of cephalogram according to skeletal maturity stages of the hand and wrist. In this study, four skeketal stages and 36 linear, angular measurements of the cephalometrics were selected. In hand-wrist X-ray the bones used to determine skeletal maturity were the middle phalanges of the third finger, and distal epiphysis of the radius. In cephalogram, the landmark used to measure the angle and length were N, S, Po., Ar., Go., Me., Gn., Pog., Point B, Point A, ANS, PNS, Or., U1, L1, U6, L6 etc.. The results were as follows, 1. The table of mean, standard deviation, p-value from measurements were made in each group and both sex. 2. The increased measurements according to skeletal maturity were anterior cranial bese length, posterior cranial base length, ramus height, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, L1 to mandibular plane (mm), facial plane angle. In contrast to, decreased measurements were genial angle, facial cnvexity and facial plane angle. 3. Denture pattern measurements (IMPA, FMIA, occlusal plane to Go-Gn, interincisal angle, U1 to SN plane, U1 to SN plane, U1 to facial plane, L1 to facial plane etc.) .had nothing to do with skeletal maturity. 4. Skeletal maturity had close relationship with craniofacial growth, but had little to do with tooth development.