• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.208-212
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• 2000

Background: We studied 250 patients who received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after lower and upper abdominal surgery to evaluate pain relief, analgesic consumption, patient's mood and side effects. Methods: We made total 60 ml of analgesic mixture with morphine 60 mg, ketorolac 180 mg, droperidol 5 mg and normal saline. Loading and bolus dose and lockout interval were 0.05 ml/kg, 1.0 ml and 7 min, respectively. The duration of operation and the length of skin incision were recorded. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain and mood scores, cumulative analgesic consumption, and incidence of side effect were evaluated. Results: In the upper abdominal surgery group (Group 2), the duration of operation and length of skin incision were longer than Group 1. The average postoperative pain scores at 6, 24, and 48 hours in lower (Group 1) vs upper (Group 2) abdominal surgery were $4.3{\pm}2.1$ vs $4.7{\pm}2.4$, $3.3{\pm}1.9$ vs $4.3{\pm}2.8$, and $2.4{\pm}2.7$ vs $3.2{\pm}2.1$, respectively. There were no significant differences in the cumulative analgesic consumption and number of analgesic demands and at 6, 24, 48 hours after the operation between two groups. Group 2 patients required significantly longer pain control using PCA as compared to Group 1 patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence of side effects between the two groups. Conclusions: There was little difference in postoperative pain after lower and upper abdominal surgery.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1983

The treatment of tumors along curved surfaces with stationary electron beams using cone collimation may lead to non-uniform dose distributions due to a varying air gap between the cone surface and patient. For large tumors, more than one port may have to be used in irradiation of the chest wall, often leading to regions of high or low dose at the junction of the adjacent ports. Electron-beam arc therapy may elimination many of these fixed port problems. When treating breast tumors with electrons, the energy of the internal mammary port is usually higher than that of the chest wall port. Bolus is used to increase the skin dose or limit the range of the electrons. We invertiaged the effect of various arc beam parameters in the isodose distributions, and combined into a single arc port for adjacent fixed ports of different electron beam eneries. The higher fixed port energy would be used as the arc beam energy while the beam penetration in the lower energy region would be controlled by a proper thickness of bolus. We obtained the results of following: 1. It is more uniform dose distribution of electron to use rotation than stationary irradiation. 2. Increasing isocenter depth on arc irradiation, increased depth of maximum dose, reduction in surface dose and an increasing penetration of the linear portion of the curve. 3. The deeper penetration of the depth dose curve and higher X-ray background for the smaller field sized. 4. If the isocenter depth increase, the field effect is small. 5. The decreasing arc beam penetration with decreasing isocenter depth and the isocenter depth effect appears at a greater depth as the energy increases. 6. The addition of bolus produces a shift in the penetration that is the same for all depths leaving the shape of the curves unchanged. 7. Lead strips 5 mm thick were placed at both ends of the arc to produce a rapid dose drop-off.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2023

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a specialized medical equipment and plays a significant role in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases and abnormalities; however, it is attributed to risk of exposure of ionizing radiation. The aim of the study was to estimate and determine the amount of scattered radiation dose to the thyroid gland in dental CBCT during maxilla and mandible scan. Materials and Methods: The average scattered radiation dose for i-CAT 17-19 Platinum CBCT (Imaging Sciences International) was measured using a Multi-O-Meter (Unfors Instruments), placed at the patient's neck on the skin surface of the thyroid cartilage, with an exposure parameter of 120 kVp and 37.07 mAs. The surface entrance dose was noted using the Multi-O-Meter, which was placed at the time of the scan at the level of the thyroid gland on the anterior surface of the neck. Results and Discussion: The surface entrance dose to the thyroid from both jaws scans was 191.491±78.486 µGy for 0.25 mm voxel and 26.9 seconds, and 153.670±74.041 µGy from the mandible scan, whereas from the maxilla scan the surface entrance dose was 5.259±10.691 µGy. Conclusion: The surface entrance doses to the thyroid gland from imaging of both the jaws, and also from imaging of the maxilla and mandible alone were within the threshold limit. The surface entrance dose and effective dose in CBCT were dependent on the exposure parameters (kVp and mAs), scan length, and field of view. To further reduce the radiation dose, care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protocol as well as the provision of providing shielding to the thyroid gland.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 1985

Authors describe some useful data when constructing tissue-equivalent compensators which would compensate tissue deficit in the treatment field of high energy electromagnetic radiation Tissue equivalent compensator is made of lucite. The ratio of compensator thickness to the thickness of tissue deficit depends on radiation energy, field size and the distance from the compensator to patient skin. When the compensator is separated from skin surface, the thickness ratio is always smaller than 1.0. This means that the larger the separation, the contribution to the total dose by means of scattered radiation from a tissue equivalent compensator is smaller. Authors propose that the thickness of lucite as tissue equivalent compensator is 0.57 times tissue deficit and the separation between compensator and skin is at least 15m for Co-60 gamma ray and 25cm for 10MV X-ray.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.4819-4823
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• 2016

Bckground: Adjuvant radiation therapy is commonly administered following breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer patients. Hypofractionated radiotherapy can significantly reduce the waiting time for radiotherapy, working load on machines, patient visits to radiotherapy departments and medical costs. Material/Methods: Fifty-two patients with operable breast cancer (pT1-3pN0M0) who underwent breast conservation surgery in Tehran Cancer Institute during January 2011 to January 2012, were randomly assigned to undergo radiotherapy in two arms (hypofractionated radiotherapy arm with 30 patients, dose 42.5 Gy in 16 fractions; and conventional radiotherapy arm with 22 patients, dose 50 Gy in 25 fractions). W compared these two groups in terms of overall survival, locoregional control, late skin complications and cosmetic results. Results: At a median follow-up of 52.4 months (range: 0-64 months), the follow-up rate was 82.6%. Overall, after 60 months, there was no detectable significant differences between groups regarding cosmetic results (p = 0.857), locoregional control or survival. Conclusions: The results confirm that hypofractionated radiotherapy with a subsequent boost is as effective as conventional radiotherapy, is well-tolerated and can be used as an alternative treatment method following breast conservation surgery.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2000

The advantages of transdermal administration are avoiding hepatic first pass effect, minimizing inter- and intra-patient variation, maintaining steady-state plasma level to provide long-term therapy from a single dose, and allowing a rapid termination of drug input. Clenbuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2-adrenergic$ receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease. For the development of transdermal systems containing clenbuterol, two limiting factors - long lag time and low flux - must be overcome. In this study, we attempted to select optimal formulation for preparation of clenbuterol patch using hairless mouse skin and flow-through diffusion cell. The flux of clenbuterol increased as the percent of clenbuterol dose dependently in the concentration range of 5-15%. Based on this result, we fixed the concentration of clenbuterol as 15%. The effect of various penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of clenbuterol through hairless mouse skin was investigated. Labrafil was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 4-fold compared with the control without penetration enhancer. Optimal enhancer concentration was 3%. The effect of various adhesives on penetration of clenbuterol was also investigated. Among the adhesives studied, MA-31 was the most effective adhesive. Furthermore, the clenbuterol patch composed of 15% clenbuterol, 3% Labrafil and 82% MA-31, which gave most excellent penetration of drug in in vitro penetration study, maintained therapeutic plasma levels in in vivo study using S.D. rats. These studies demonstrated a good feasibility of clenbuterol administration through the intact skin using a transdermal patch, and show a possibility of the development of clenbuterol patches.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.364-367
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• 1999

배경: 1994년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 부산대학교병원 흉부외과에서 인공판막 치환술을 받은 40명의 환자를 대상으로 aprotinin 투여군 20명과 투여하지않은 대조군 20명으로 나누어 비교 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: Aprotinin 투여군은 수술시작 30분이내에 200만 KIU를 정주하고 충전액에 100만 KIU를 첨가하였고 유지용량으로 수술하는 동안 시간당 50만 KIU를 투여하였다. 술전과 술후 혈색소치, 혈소판치, prothrombin time을 측정하였고 출혈량은 술후 6시간, 24시간 술후 총량을 측정하였다. 결과: 출혈량은 Aprotinin 투여군에서 대조군보다 통계학적으로 유의하게 적었고 수혈량도 Aprotinin 투여군에서 대조군보다 적었다. 결론: 저자는 aprotinin의 사용이 개심술시 출혈량과 수혈요구량을 현저히 줄이고 술후 지혈에도 도움을 준다고 생각된다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.87-93
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• 1997

The using of compensator is required to adjust the irregular dose distribution due to irregular thickness of the body in Total Body Irradiation. Aluminuim, copper or lead is generally used as compensator. In our study, we would like to introduce a result of the attenuation and compensation effect of radiation use compensator made by duralumin and its clinical use. The thickness of compensator was calculated by the attenustion of radiation, which was measured by polystyrene phantom and ionization chamber(farmer). The compensation effect of radiation was measured by diode detector. All of conditions were set as in real treatment, and the distanc from source to detector was 446 cm. We also made fixation of device to easily attach the compensator to LINAC. Beam spoiler was menufactured and placed on the patient to irradiate sufficient dose to the skin. diode detector were placed on head, neck, chest, umbilicus. pelvis and knee with each their entranced exit points, and datas of dose distribution were evaluated and compared in each points for eleven patients(Feb. 96-Feb. 97). The attenuation rate of irradiation by duralumin compensator was measured as $1.4\%$ in 2mm thickness. The mean attenuation rate was $1.3\%$ per 2mm as increasing the thickness gradually to 50 mm. By using duralunim compensator, dose distribution in each points of body was measured with ${\pm}2.8\%$ by diode detectior. We could easily calculate the thickness of compensator by measuring the attenuation rate of radiation, remarkably reduce the irragularity of dose distribution duo to the thickness of body and magnify the effect of radiation therapy.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.943-948
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• 2021

본 연구는 방사성 동위원소인 ^99mTc, ¹⁸F가 주입된 환자에게서 나오는 감마선이 안정실 벽면 등의 높은 원자번호로 되어있는 물질과 밀착되어 증가하는 산란선으로 인한 표면 선량 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. NEMA 팬텀에 ^99mTc과 ¹⁸F을 각각 20, 10 mCi를 주입하여 준비한 뒤 지표면과 1 m 높이에 팬텀을 위치시키고 주위가 빈 공간인 경우와 벽면으로부터 0, 5, 10 cm 거리에 팬텀을 위치시키고 벽면과 마주 보는 팬텀의 동일한 위치에 25개의 OSLD NanoDot을 부착시켜 60분간 표면 선량을 측정하였다. 실험의 재현성을 위하여 각 5회 반복 실험하였으며, 유의성 검정을 위하여 일원 배치 분산분석 (one way Analysis of Variance; ANOVA)을 시행하고 사후 검정으로 Tukey를 사용하였다. 연구결과 주위가 빈 공간인 경우와 0, 5, 10 cm 였을 때 ^99mTc에서는 각각 220.268, 287.121, 243.957, 226.272 mGy의 표면 선량이 측정되었으며, ¹⁸F에서는 각각 637.111, 724.469, 657.107, 640.365 mGy로 측정되었다. 환자가 대기하는 동안 위치에 따른 표면 선량 변화를 줄이기 위해 환자와 밀착되는 땅바닥이나 벽면과의 거리를 10 cm 이상의 거리를 두거나, 에어매트리스 등을 설치하여 산란선을 최대한 예방하는 것이 필요하며, 향후 환자 대기실 및 안정실 등의 구조 설정 시에 벽면 등으로 인한 산란선을 고려해야 하며, 검사 이외에 외부피폭을 감소시킬 수 있다는 점을 증명한 것에 이 연구의 의의가 있다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.392-394
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• 2016

A 2-year-old spayed female Persian cat presented to Kangwon National University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with pruritus and erythema on the tips of both ears, around the eyes, and in the caudal abdomen. This patient had previously been prescribed prednisolone, but did not respond positively to the treatment. A skin screening test revealed that there were no fleas or fungi, and that only cocci were present. Blood testing revealed no remarkable findings. The patient was prescribed antibiotics (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 25 mg/kg for 2 weeks) with no prednisolone. After 2 weeks, clinical signs were alleviated and the skin screening test showed no signs of cocci. However, clinical signs recurred even with the prescription of antibiotics. Four weeks after the steroid-free interval, Malassezia spp. hypersensitivity was detected upon a serum allergy test, and pathological analysis confirmed eosinophilic and mastocytic superficial dermatitis in the caudal abdomen. Based on these results, we suspected allergic dermatitis and prescribed 7 mg/kg cyclosporine A once a day. After 3 weeks, clinical signs were resolved. Seven weeks after the first trial with cyclosporine A, we reduced the cyclosporine A dose to 7 mg/kg every other day. The patient's symptoms have since been well controlled for 6 months. This study suggests that cyclosporine A can be a good choice for treating cats with suspected allergic dermatitis that has not responded positively to steroid treatment.