• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.55-65
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• 2005

Objectives : Mahwangkanghwal-tang(Mahuangqianghuo-tang;MKT) is a prescription that treat clinically arthritis. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of MKT extract on the adjuvant arthritis in pathological rats induced by Freund's complete adjvant($0.2m{\ell}/kg$). Methods : Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups ; Normal group were administered DDW $1.0m{\ell}$ to normal rats for 14 days, Control group were administered DDW $1.0m{\ell}$ to arthritic rats for 14 days, Sample A group were administered MKT $300m{\ell}/kg$ $1.0m{\ell}$ to arthritic rats for 14 days, Sample B group were administered MKT $500m{\ell}/kg$ $1.0m{\ell}$ to arthritic rats for 14 days. The present author observed body weight, inhibitory effect of edema, analgesic effects by hot plate, WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet, total serum protein level and total serum cholesterol level. Results : 1. All sample group were increased body weight compared with control group, sample B group were significantly increased body weighty compared with control group. 2. All sample group significantly inhibited the rated of paw edema compared with control group. 3. All sample group significantly prolongated the escaping time compared with control group, sample B group significantly prolongated the paw licking time compared with control group. 4. All sample group were significantly decreased WBC compared with control group, sample B group were significantly decreased RBC compared with control group. 5. All sample group ware decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit compared with control group. 6. All sample group ware increased total serum cholesterol compared with control group, sample B group were significantly decreased platelet compared with control group. 7. All sample group ware significantly decreased total serum protein level compared with control group. 8. All sample group ware increased total serum cholesterol compared with control group, sample B group were significantly increased total serum cholesterol level compared with control group. Conclusions : We thought that Mahwangkanghwal-tang(Mahuangqianghuo-tang) could be used for curing rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory effect was somewhat better in much than small dosage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 1989

The results of toxicity test using mice and rats for ethanol extract of Bracken Fern collected in Kwang Ju area were shown as follows ; Up to the dose of 10g per kg of mice administered intraperitoneally there was no lethal toxicity so that it was impossible to calculate the median lethal dose $(LD_{50})$. For the first 7 days experiment all rats administered frond extract grouping in 40mg, 400mg, and 1200mg per kg of rat as the daily oral doses did not show any characterized sign in the weight gain rate, anatomical findings, and biochemical studies. For 3 weeks following the first week the weight gain rates of all test group were reduced to $4.2{\sim}7%$ below the weight gain rate of control. In this period serum GPT, GOT, and Alkaline phosphatase value were increased significantly indicating the symptoms of Bracken Fern poisonings. The pathological findings of all test groups for 28 days showed acute and chronic intestinal lesion and liver damage with steatosis especially in 1200g/kg rat groups. In this experiment the Bracken poisonings appeared slowly in rats of 400mg/kg and 1200mg/kg for two weeks and in rats of 40mg/kg for 3 weeks, showing the symptoms of lowering of weight gain rate, subacute hepatitis, hepatic steatosis and enteritis in 28 days experiment.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.258-266
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• 2020

Background: Oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis is a key pathological process in ischemic heart disease. Glutathione reductase (GR) reduces glutathione disulfide to glutathione (GSH) to alleviate oxidative stress. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) prevents the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes; however, the role of GR in this process is unclear. Therefore, the effects of GRb1 on GR were investigated in this study. Methods: The antiapoptotic effects of GRb1 were evaluated in H9C2 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and Western blotting. The antioxidative effects were measured by a reactive oxygen species assay, and GSH levels and GR activity were examined in the presence and absence of the GR inhibitor 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the binding of GRb1 to GR. The direct influence of GRb1 on GR was confirmed by recombinant human GR protein. Results: GRb1 pretreatment caused dose-dependent inhibition of tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cell apoptosis, at a level comparable to that of the positive control N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The binding energy between GRb1 and GR was positive (-6.426 kcal/mol), and the binding was stable. GRb1 significantl reduced reactive oxygen species production and increased GSH level and GR activity without altering GR protein expression in H9C2 cells. Moreover, GRb1 enhanced the recombinant human GR protein activity in vitro, with a half-maximal effective concentration of ≈2.317 μM. Conversely, 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea co-treatment significantly abolished the GRb1's apoptotic and antioxidative effects of GRb1 in H9C2 cells. Conclusion: GRb1 is a potential natural GR agonist that protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of H9C2 cells.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.136-148
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• 2010

Cadmium (Cd) is known to exert gonadotoxic and spermiotoxic effects. The present study was performed to investigate the morphological effects and metallothionein (MT) expression by zinc pretreatment in the course of time of cadmium-induced testicular injury in rat. Fifty male Spraque-Dawley rats weighing 160-180 g were divided into two groups: saline-pretreated cadmium group and zinc-pretreated cadmium group. Rats of two groups received subcutaneous injection of saline and 100 mg/kg $ZnSO_4$ at 0, 2, 5 and 8 hrs intervals respectively. Cadmium chloride (4.5 mg/kg $CdCl_2$) was administrated intraperitoneally at 2 hr after zinc injection and rats were killed 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs later. Testicular tissue damages, Interstitial (Leydig) cells status and MT expression were determined using hematoxylin-eosin stained sections and a computerized image analysis system on sections immunostained with a mouse anti-metallothionein respectively. Zinc pretreatment was significantly reduced testicular damages in five pathological categories after cadmium administation. The number of surviving interstitial cells was significantly higher in the zinc-pretreated group than in the saline-preatreated group at 48 and 72 hrs after cadmium administration. Non-damaged testis showed the positivity of MT staining in spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells and endothelium of blood vessel, but not in the Leydig cells. The potitivity of MT staining in saline-pretreated group was significantly reduced at 24 hrs after cadmium administration, whereas zinc-pretreated group showed strong MT positive staining similar to the 0 hr by 42 hrs after cadmium administration. In damaged testis, MT positive staining was also observed in the Leydig cells of both groups. These results suggest a major preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced testiculat toxicity may be due to its ability to reduce the cytotoxicity of cadmium in spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells by inhibiting the susceptibility of the testis to cadmium but not MT production by cadmium.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.4
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• pp.330-337
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• 2011

Background: The clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been changing. Recently, Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) has usually been used for diagnosis, follow-up to treatment and surveillance of NSCLC. We studied the pattern of recurrence and prognosis in patients who underwent complete resection for NSCLC according to histologic subtype. Methods: All patients who underwent complete resection for pathological stage I or II NSCLC between January 2005 and June 2009 were identified and clinical records were reviewed retrospectively, especially the histologic subtype. Results: Recurrences were identified in 50 of 112 patients who had complete resection of an NSCLC. Sites of recurrence were locoregional in 15 (30%), locoregional and distant in 20 (40%), and distant in 15 (30%). Also, sites of recurrence were intra-thoracic in 29 (58%), extrathoracic and intra-thoracic recurrence in 15 (30%), and extrathoracic in 6 (12%). In locoregional recurrence, there was 37% recurrence for non-squamous cell carcinoma (non-SQC) and 25% for squamous cell carcinoma (SQC). In distant recurrence, there was 39% recurrence for non-SQC and 18% for SQC. Locoregional recurrence in the bronchial stump was more common in SQC than non-SQC (14% vs. 45%, p=0.025). Prognosis of recurrence was not influenced by histologic subtype and the recurrence-free survival curve showed that the non-SQC group did not differ from the SQC group according to stage. Conclusion: The prognosis for recurrence does not seem to be influenced by histologic types, but locoregional recurrence in the bronchial stump seems to be more common in SQC than non-SQC in completely resected stage I and II NSCLC.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2020

Background: Postoperative fluid retention is a factor that causes delay in recovery and unexpected adverse events. It is important to prevent intraoperative fluid retention, which is putatively caused by intraoperative release of stress hormones, such as ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) or others. We hypothesized that intraoperative analgesia may prevent pathological fluid retention. We retrospectively explored the relationship between analgesics and in-out balance in surgical patients from anesthesia records. Methods: Anesthetic records of 80 patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery were checked in this study. Patients were anesthetized with either TIVA (propofol and remifentanil) or inhalational anesthesia (sevoflurane and remifentanil). During surgery, acetated Ringer's solution was infused for maintenance at a rate of 3-5 ml/kg/h at the discretion of the anesthetist. The perioperative parameters, including the amount of crystalloid and colloid infused, and the amount of urine and bleeding were checked. Furthermore, we checked the amount and administration rate of remifentanil during the surgical procedure. The correlation coefficient between the remifentanil dose and the in-out balance or the urinary output was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The contributing factor to fluid retention, including urinary output, was statistically examined by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between remifentanil dose and urinary output. Urinary output less than 0.04 ml/kg/min was suggested to cause positive fluid balance. Although in-out balance approaches zero balance with increase in remifentanil administration rate, no contributing factor for near-zero fluid balance was statistically picked up. The remifentanil administration rate was statistically picked up as the significant factor for higher urinary output (> 0.04 ml/kg/min) (OR, 2,644; 95% CI, 3.2-2.2 × 10⁶) among perioperative parameters. Conclusions: In conclusion, remifentanil contributes in maintaining the urinary output during general anesthesia. Although further prospective study is needed to confirm this hypothesis, it was suggested that fluid retention could be avoided through suppressing intraoperative stress response by means of appropriate maintenance of remifentanil infusion rate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1628-1638
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• 2017

Viola tianshanica Maxim, belonging to the Violaceae plant family, is traditionally used in Uighur medicine for treating pneumonia, headache, and fever. There is, however, a lack of basic understanding of its pharmacological activities. This study was designed to observe the effects of the ethanol extract (TSM) from Viola tianshanica Maxim on the inflammation response in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by LPS and the possible underlying mechanisms. We found that TSM (200 and 500 mg/kg) significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine production and the number of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. TSM also markedly inhibited the lung wet-to-dry ratio and alleviated pathological changes in lung tissues. In vitro, after TSM ($12.5-100{\mu}g/ml$) treatment to RAW 264.7 cells for 1 h, LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$) was added and the cells were further incubated for 24 h. TSM dose-dependently inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as NO, $PGE_2$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$, and remarkably decreased the protein and mRNA expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. TSM also suppressed protein expression of $p-I{\kappa}Ba$ and p-ERK1/2 and blocked nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. The results indicate that TSM exerts anti-inflammatory effects related with inhibition on $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK (p-ERK1/2) signaling pathways. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that TSM might be a potential agent for the treatment of ALI.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.415-420
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• 2010

Purpose: Heterotopic calcification is a pathological event in which deposits of calcium salts build up, usually in the joint area or soft tissues. It can occur under many conditions and in some rare cases may develop in burn scars. In particular, ulcerations in burn scars accompanied by heterotopic calcification are difficult to treat through conservative treatment. This study reports methods for accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment of ulceration in burn scars accompanied by heterotopic calcification. Methods: Fourteen patients who visited our hospital from March 2008 to January 2010 were subjected to this study. Their sex, age, modes of burn, degree, TBSA (%), ulcerated area, the time of occurrence of the ulcerations in the burn scars were investigated. In addition, radiological examination and biopsy was performed to diagnose heterotopic calcification. Results: Among the 14 cases, 6 were male and 8 were female. The average age of the patients was 48.2 (27 - 69 yrs). As for the mode of burn, 11 were flame burns and 3 were scalding burns. The average time of occurrence of the ulcerations in the burn scars was 4.5 months. The ulcerated areas were situated in the legs in 12 cases, arms in 1 case, and torso in 1 case. The diagnosis was confirmed through X-ray and biopsy, and skin graft was performed after wide excision. Conclusion: Diagnosis of the ulceration in burn scars accompanied by heterotopic calcification is possible through radiological and pathologic studies. Surgical treatment is the most reliable method of treatment, and we chose to perform skin graft after wide excision. Also, we learned that the complete removal of the calcified tissue and the inflammatory fibrotic tissues is crucial in preventing recurrence. Also, in contrast to Marjolin's ulcer, heterotopic calcification had a small size, little or no granulation tissue, and lacked fungating type ulceration. Therefore, favorable prognosis could be achieved through adequate treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.664-676
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• 2006

Objective : Although chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is a common disease, it is very difficult to treat effectively. Lygodium japonicum has been traditionally used in treatment of urinary tract inflammation and voiding disturbance. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and action mechanism of Lygodium japonicum in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Methods : Five-month-old rats were treated with 17$\beta$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Lygodium japonicum and testosterone were administered as an experimental specimen and a positive control. respectively. The prostates were evaluated by histopathological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. PCNA labeling index for cyto-proliferation and a TUNEL(deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end-labeling) assay for cell apoptosis. Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with Lygodium japonicum showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in the Lygodium japonicum group over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelio-stromal ratio was lower in the Lygodiutn japonicum group when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). Although there was no difference in PCNA and TUNEL positive cells of the glandular epithelia. we found an decreased number of PCNA positive cell and concurrent increase of TUNEL positive cells in the stroma of Lygodium japonicum treated rats (P<0.01). Conclusions : These findings suggest that Lygodium japonicum may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with suppression of cyto-proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis. We concluded that Lygodium japonicum could be a useful remedy agents for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2015

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a broad range of intermediate hosts. Chickens as important food-producing animals can also serve as intermediate hosts. To date, experimental studies on the pathogenicity of T. gondii in broiler chickens were rarely reported. The objective of the present study was to compare the pathogenicity of 5 different T. gondii strains (RH, CN, JS, CAT2, and CAT3) from various host species origin in 10-day-old chickens. Each group of chickens was infected intraperitoneally with $5{\times}10^8$, $1{\times}10^8$, $1{\times}10^7$, and $1{\times}10^6$ tachyzoites of the 5 strains, respectively. The negative control group was mockly inoculated with PBS alone. After infection, clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures of all the chickens were checked daily. Dead chickens during acute phage of the infection were checked for T. gondii tachyzoites by microscope, while living cases were checked for T. gondii infection at day 53 post-inoculation (PI) by PCR method. Histopathological sections were used to observe the pathological changes in the dead chickens and the living animals at day 53 PI. No significant differences were found in survival periods, histopathological findings, and clinical symptoms among the chickens infected with the RH, CN, CAT2, and CAT3 strains. Histopathological findings and clinical symptoms of the JS (chicken origin) group were similar to the others. However, average survival times of infected chickens of the JS group inoculated with $5{\times}10^8$ and $1{\times}10^8$ tachyzoites were 30.0 and 188.4 hr, respectively, significantly shorter than those of the other 4 mammalian isolates. Chickens exposed to $10^8$ of T. gondii tachyzoites and higher showed acute signs of toxoplasmosis, and the lesions were relatively more severe than those exposed to lower doses. The results indicated that the pathogenicity of JS strain was comparatively stronger to the chicken, and the pathogenicity was dose-dependent.