• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 1992

The effects to the corticosteroid dexamethasone(DEX) and(or) estradiol-benzoate(E-B) treated to induction of parturition and birth weights of the young was conducted in 48 pregnant Korean native goats. The animals were divided into 4 goats per each treatment by the time(142, 145 and 148 day of pregnancy) and dosage(DEX 15, 20mg, DEX 8mg＋E-B 10mg and DEX 13mg＋E-B 7.5mg per goat). The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1 The time for induction of parturtion after DEX(15, 20mg) treatment on day 148 of pregnancy was significantly(P<0.01) shorter than 142 and 145 days. There was no significant difference each dosage of DEX on same day of pregnancy. 2. The addition of E-B to DEX treatment compared with DEX alone group at day 142 and 145 of pregnancy were significantly(P<0.01) shorter the time for induction of parturition. However, treatment with DEX along or with E-B on 148 day of pregnancy did not affect the time to induction(about 27 hrs) of parturition between each treatment. 3. The birth weight of kids after parturition was heaviest(P<0.01) on day 148 of pregnancy. However, development and vigor of kids were not significant different between DEX alone treatment and with E-B.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.246-258
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to report the effect of TKM to Rhumatitis Arthritis after parturition and show the importance of recuperation after parturition. Methods: The patient was a 33-year-old woman who complains arthralgia, edema and sense of coldness after her third parturition. The patient was treated by Herb medicine, Acupuncture treatment, Moxa treatment and Physical Treatment. And the progress of symptoms was evaluated by cheking the change of VAS, and inspecting the DITI. Results: The Pain and edema have declined. After discharge, she got definite diagnosis as Rhumatitis Arthritis. But We already estimated it from the results of serum test. So we had treated the patience with TKM and we could explain the prognosis. We regulated the pain and edema successfully at the acute phase. And the patient could take care of herself, she didn't play her disease down as a simple symptoms of parturition. Conclusion: TKM is expected to have positive effects on Rheumatic arthritis with quick onset after parturition.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1992

The present study was conducted to find out the changes of progesterone and 20$\alpha$-dihydroprogesterone(20$\alpha$-OHP) levels before and after parturition, 4 pluriparous goats were offered for this experiment. Blood samples were taken from jugular vein on Days, 5, 3, 2 and 1 before parturition, the day of parturition, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 after parturition. The blood samples were centraifuged and stored at -2$0^{\circ}C$ until hormone assay. The serum levels of progesterone and 20$\alpha$-OHP were measrued by radioimmunoassay. The changes of serum progesterone level during peripartum period were characterized as a remarkable decrease. The progesterone level was 4.05$\pm$0.52ng/ml on 56 days before parturition and decreased to 2.24$\pm$0.38ng/ml on 1 day before parturition and 0.79$\pm$0.09ng/ml on the day of parturition and the basal level was maintained through 9 days of postpartum period. The serum level of 20$\alpha$-OHP during the peripartum period was 1.25$\pm$0.21ng/ml on 5 days before paturition and increased to 1.32$\pm$0.25 on 3 days and 1.59$\pm$0.24ng/ml on 1 day before parturition, and reached a peak level of 1.78$\pm$0.25ng/ml just prior to parturition and then decreased greatly to 0.31$\pm$0.03ng/ml on 1 day postpartum and the basal level was remained until 9 days postpartum. The high serum level of 20$\alpha$-OHP, which was peak just prior to parturition, was maintained for 2 days following the onset of remarkable decrease in the serum level of progesterone. From the above results, it was concluded that the enzyme 20$\alpha$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20$\alpha$-HSD) catalyzing the conversion of progesterone to a biologically inactive steroid, 20$\alpha$-OHP was active properly in the luteal cells in Korean native goats.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed to establish a prediction table of parturition date in pregnant Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih-tzu and Miniature Schnauzer bitches. The inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter in 45 pregnant bitches were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition. The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from Day-44 to Day-25 and fetal head diameter obtained from Day-25 to Day-1 were used to compile a equations of prediction of parturition date. The 70 pregnant bitches with unknown mating time were examined to assess an accuracy of the equations established in this study. And these results were applied to the prediction of parturition date and compared to actual parturition date. The accuracy for parturition date within 0, $\pm$1, and $\pm$2 days interval using the equations of prediction of parturition date were 64.3%, 22.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The overall accuracy of prediction table of parturition day based on the ICCD and HD was 100% accurate within $\pm$2 days. Therefore, the prediction table seems to be a useful tool of the prediction of parturition day in practice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.780-786
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• 2005

This study presents a non-video, non-invasive, automatic, on-site monitoring system the system employs ultrasonic transducers to detect behavior in sows before, during and after parturition. An ultrasonic transmitting/receiving (T/R) circuit of 40 kHz was mounted above a conventional parturition bed. The T/R units use ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) ranging technology to measure the height of the confined sows at eight predetermined locations. From this data, three momentary postures of the sow are determined, characterized as standing-posture (SP), lateral-lying-posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP). By examining the frequencies of position switch Stand-Up-Sequence (SUS) between standing-posture (SP), lateral-lying-posture (LLP) and sitting-posture (STP) rate can be determined for the duration of the sow' confinement. Three experimental pureblooded Landrace sows undergoing normal gestation were monitored for the duration of confinement. In agreement with common observation, the sows exhibited increased restlessness as parturition approached. Analysis of the data collected in our study showed a distinct peak in Stand-Up-Sequence (SUS, i.e. the transition from lying laterally to standing up ) and sitting-posture (STP) rate approximately 12 h prior to parturition, the observed peak being 5 to 10 times higher than observed on any other measurement day. It is concluded that the presented methodology is a robust, low-cost, lowlabor method for the continuous remote monitoring of sows and similar large animals for parturition and other behavior. It is suggested that the system could be applied to automatic prediction of sow parturition, with automatic notification of remote management personnel so human attendance at birth could reduce rates of sow and piglet mortality. The results of this study provide a good basis for enhancing automation and reducing costs in large-scale sow husbandry and have applications in the testing of various large mammals for the effects of medications, diets, genetic modifications and environmental factors.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 1992

The present study was conducted to find out the changes of progesterone levels in pre and post partum by the PGF2$\alpha$ administration to control artificial parturition in Korean native goats. A total of 24 goats were offered for this experiment. The animals were divided into 4 goats per treatment by the administration time(142, 145 or 148 day of pregnancy). Blood samples were taken from jagular vein pre-post partum by the PGF2$\alpha$ intramuscular administration. The progesterone in serum was assayed by radioimmunoassay. The serum progesterone level in late-pregnant goats averaged 4.85$\pm$0.55ng/ml, 4.05$\pm$0.47ng/ml or 2.76$\pm$0.25ng/ml on 142, 145 or 148 days of gestation. After the intramuscular injection with PGF2$\alpha$ for inducing parturition, it decreased remarkably to below 1.0ng/ml and to the base level(0.4~0.6ng/ml) at day 1 after parturition. And then this base level of progesterone was maintained until the final examination at 9 days of postpartum. No significant difference was found in the serum levels of progesterone between the doses treated for parturition induction. It was concluded that exogenous PGF2$\alpha$, administrated intramuscularly, induced premature parturition with causing withdrawal of progesterone levels for triggering luteolysis.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1998

Jugular plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol-17\ulcorner and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2봬(PGFM) were meausred prepartum during the last 12 days of pregnancy, at parturition, then 1 day after parturition in 16 goats. Plasma samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol-17\ulcorner(E2), prolactin(PRL) and prostagladin F2봬(PGF2봬) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. 1. The concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone in Korean native goats remained fairly constant(0.20 0.02\ulcorner0.38 0.04 mlu/ml) from 12 days prepartum to 1 postpartum but the concentrations of plasma prolactin rose slightly from 1 day prepartum. 2. The estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations increased rapidly after day 1 before partum, reaching a peak at parturition(74.8 77.5 pg/ml), and falling to 63.8 2.8 pg/ml at day 1 postpartum. 3. Starting at 323.2 69.6 twelve days before parturition, the concentrations of plasma prostaglandin F2봬 rose during the 1 day preceeding parturition(650.7봬57.8 pg/ml) and peaked at 1081.4 164.9 on the day of parturition. At day 1 postpartum, the concentrations of PGF2봬 decreased to 425.3 60.4 pg/ml. Finally, these results show that changes in prostaglandin F2봬 concentrations before parturition were closely related to changes in estradiol-17\ulcorner concnetrations, but after parturition they remained elevated whereas estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations fell abruptly.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to estimate of ovulation time and parturition day at the same time as breeding in small dog by vaginal cytology and to confirm the accuracy by comparing the expected parturition day and the real one. Characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of large intermediate cell, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell and anuclear cell in estrus, parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell and leukocyte in diestrus, parabasal cell and small intermediate in anestrus, respectively. When day 0 was the parturition day, the period of pregnancy is 67.45(64~75) days when the cornification index (CI) is over 90%. Also, on the basis of ovulation day, 63.65(59~66) days was confirmed, and 57.0(52~60) days was confirmed based on the first day of diestrus. There are the gap of 4 days between the day being over 90% in CI and ovulation day. On the basis of this, when expecting parturition day based on the day being over 90% in CI by vaginal cytology, 18.1% was produced in the same of the expected parturition day and the real one, 30.3% and 33.3% were produced in the gap of one day and two days, respectively so, the accuracy within two days was 81.7%. In addition, based on the first day of diestrus, it also was identified to 81.7% as the difference between the expected parturition day and the real one within 2 days. It demonstrated there are any difference between any expected parturition day by vaginal cytology. Thus on the basis of the day of being over 90% CI, it is fully thought to using clinically due to the possibility of prediction the parturition day at the same time as the determination of the proper time of the optimal mating time.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2005

The effects of various physicochemical stimuli in parturition induction were assayed on ovoviviparous freshwater melania snails, Semisulcospira libertina libertina and S. gottschei. Both of them did not respond to $NH_4OH$ and $H_2O_2$, but showed responses to the water temperature raising, serotonin and acetylcholine. S. gottschei showed stronger responses to the stimulants in parturition induction compared with S. libertina libertina. In case of S. libertina libertina exposed to $10^{-9}M$ acetylcholine, the number of newly born larvae and juveniles per adult and juvenile parturition rate were 68 individuals and 57.5%, which were the most among experimental groups, respectively. In the parturition induction with temperature raising of $9^{\circ}C$, S. gottschei bred 113 larvae and juveniles in which juvenile parturition rate was 56.3% and $10^{-12}M$ acetylcholine also induced very high juvenile parturition rate(61.7%) and 83 larvae and juveniles. It could be concluded that the treatment of acetylcholine has a high effectiveness in the parturition induction of S. libertina libertina and S. gottschei.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 1998

An experiment was conducted to investigate correlations of litter size and average serum progesterone concentrations during pregnancy with mammary gland growth and development at parturition. Twenty ewes (5, 9, 4, and 2 ewes carrying 0, 1, 2, and 3 lambs, respectively) were used to measure weekly serum progesterone concentration during pregnancy. At parturition, the experimental ewes were slaughtered for determination of mammary gland growth and development at parturition (mammary dry fat-free tissue [DFFT], DNA, RNA, collagen, protein, and glycogen). Correlation of mammary DFFT with litter size and averages serum progesterone concentrations were 0.75 and 0.72, respectively. Litter size or maternal serum progesterone concentrations did not correlate with the mammary DNA concentration. However, litter size or maternal serum progesterone concentrations positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the mammary RNA and protein concentrations, but negatively correlated with the mammary collagen (p < 0.01) and. glycogen (p < 0.05) concentrations. Litter size or maternal serum progesterone positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the total mammary DNA, RNA, collagen, protein and glycogen contents. These results implied that the increased concentrations of progesterone with the increased litter size during pregnancy improved mammary gland growth and development at parturition.