• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.252-257
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• 2012

Purpose: The net rind pattern and color of melon surface are important for a high market value of melon fruits. The development of the net and color are closely related to the changes in shape, size, and maturing. Therefore, the net and color characteristics can be used indicators for assessment of melon quality. The goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of estimating melon soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness by analyzing the net and color characteristics of fruit surface. Methods: The true color images of melon surface obtained at fruit equator were analyzed with 18 color features and 9 texture features. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to estimate SSC and firmness in melons using their color and texture features. Results: In sensing melon SSC, the coefficients of determination of validation (${R_v}^2$) of the prediction models using the color and texture features were 0.84 (root mean square error of validation, RMSEV: 1.92 $^{\circ}Brix$) and 0.96 (RMSEV: 0.60 $^{\circ}Brix$), respectively. The ${R_v}^2$ values of the models for predicting melon firmness using the color and texture features were 0.64 (RMSEV: 4.62 N) and 0.79 (RMSEV: 2.99 N), respectively. Conclusions: In general, the texture features were more useful for estimating melon internal quality than the color features. However, to strengthen the usefulness of the color and texture features of melon surface for estimation of melon quality, additional experiments with more fruit samples need to be conducted.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2014

The goal of this research was to develop a portable system that could be used to evaluate the quality of milk in real time at a raw milk production site. A real-time portable quality evaluation system for raw milk was developed to enable non-destructive quality evaluation of somatic cell count (SCC), fat, protein, lactose, and total solid (TS) in milk samples. A prediction model of SCC, fat, protein, lactose, and TS was constructed using partial least squares (PLS) and 200 milk samples were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the portable quality evaluation system and high performance spectroscopy. Through prediction model development and verification, it was found that the accuracy of high performance spectroscopy was 90% for SSC, 96% for fat, 96% for protein, 91% for lactose, and 97% for TS. In comparison, the accuracy of the portable quality evaluation system was relatively low, at 90% for SSC, 95% for fat, 92% for protein, 89% for lactose, 92% for TS. However, the measurement time for high performance spectroscopy was 10 minutes for 1 sample, while for the portable quality evaluation system it was 6 minutes. This means that the high performance spectroscopy system can measure 48 samples per day (8 hours), while the portable quality evaluation system can measure 80 (8 hours). Therefore, it was found that the portable quality evaluation system enables quick on-site quality evaluation of milk samples.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2011

In this study, seven Trichoderma species (33 strains) were classified using secondary metabolite profile-based chemotaxonomy. Secondary metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) and multivariate statistical methods. T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were independently clustered based on both internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence and secondary metabolite analyses. T. harzianum formed three subclusters in the ITS-based phylogenetic tree and two subclusters in the metabolitebased dendrogram. In contrast, T. koningii and T. atroviride strains were mixed in one cluster in the phylogenetic tree, whereas T. koningii was grouped in a different subcluster from T. atroviride and T. hamatum in the chemotaxonomic tree. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to determine which metabolites were responsible for the clustering patterns observed for the different Trichoderma strains. The metabolites were hetelidic acid, sorbicillinol, trichodermanone C, giocladic acid, bisorbicillinol, and three unidentified compounds in the comparison of T. virens and T. longibrachiatum; harzianic acid, demethylharzianic acid, homoharzianic acid, and three unidentified compounds in T. harzianum I and II; and koninginin B, E, and D, and six unidentified compounds in T. koningii and T. atroviride. The results of this study demonstrate that secondary metabolite profiling-based chemotaxonomy has distinct advantages relative to ITS-based classification, since it identified new Trichoderma clusters that were not found using the latter approach.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop a nondestructive determination technology for sugar content in sweet persimmons, and the main research results included the following. In order to determine sugar content in sweet persimmons, a dual side reflex was adopted, and the study was to measure sugar content using a reflectance spectrum for 2 parts because it was difficult to determine representative sugar content due to a great deviation in sugar content according to the part of sweet persimmons. To predict sugar contents of sweet persimmon, PLSR and PCR models were compared with a few preprocess methods. As a result, PLSR had $R^2$=0.67, SEP=0.42 brix, LV=11, and PCR had $R^2$=0.65, SEP=0.41 brix, PC=16. SNV method was the best among preprocess methods for predicting sugar contents.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1528-1528
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• 2001

Ginseng cultivated in different country or growing condition has generally different components such as saponin and protein, and it relates to efficacy and action. Protein content assumes by nitrogen content in ginseng radix. Nitrogen content could be determined by chemical analysis such as kjeldahl or extraction methods. However, these methods require long analysis time and result environmental pollution and sample damage. In this work we investigated possibility of non-destructive determination of nitrogen content in ginseng radix using near-infrared spectroscopy. Ginseng radix, root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, was studied. Total 120 samples were used in this study and it was consisted of 6 sample sets, 4, 5 and 6-year-old Korea ginseng and 7, 8 and 9-year-old China ginseng, respectively. Each sample set has 20 sample. Nigrogen content was measured by electronic analysis. NIR reflectance spectra were collected over the 1100 to 2500 nm spectral region with a InfraAlyzer 500C (Bran+Luebbe, Germany) equipped with a halogen lapmp and PbS detector and data were collected every 2 nm data point intervals. The calibration models were carried out by multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) analysis using IDAS and SESAME software. Result of electronic analysis, Korean ginseng were different mean value in nitrogen content of China ginseng. Ginseng tend to generally decrease the nitrogen content according as cultivation year is over 6 years. The MLR calibration model with 8 wavelengths using IDAS software accurately predicted nitrogen contents with correlation coefficient (R) and standard error of prediction of 0.985 and 0.855%, respectively. In case of SESAME software, the MLR calibration with 9 wavelength was selected the best calibration, R and SEP were 0.972 and 0.596%, respectively. The PLSR calibration model result in 0.969 of R and 0.630 of RMSEP. This study shows the NIR spectroscopy could be applied to determine the nitrogen content in ginseng radix with high accuracy.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1529-1529
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• 2001

The watercore in apple is very important factor in storage and sorting of fruit. Most consumers tend to prefer the apple included watercore in immediately after harvest, however the watercore causes fruit flesh to brown during storage and lose the worth after all. But it is practically impossible to judge to the naked eye whether an apple has watercore or not. Therefore, the rapid, accurate and non-destructive analysis method for discrimination of watercore should be settled without delay. In this study we attempted the discrimination and quantitative analysis of watercore in apple fruit using near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy ‘Fuji’ apple fruits produced in Kyungpook of Korea was used in this experiment. The watercore content in apple was evaluated by graphic treatment of culled slice sections(10 mm). NIR transmittance spectra were collected over the 500 to 1000 nm spectral region with a spectrometer (Sentronic Co., Germany). The calibration models were carried out by partial least squares (PLS) analysis between NIR spectra data of apples and chemical data of watercore content. The spectra were different in absorbance between apple included watercore and not included one. Apple included watercore had higher absorption band than sample not included one at 732 and 820 nm. The calibration model seems to be accurate to predict the watercore content in apple fruit, the correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.99 and 0.93%, respectively. This result indicates that the PLSR calibration model by using NIR transmittance spectroscopy could be used for discrimination of watercore in apple fruit.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1271-1271
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• 2001

Water pollutants in drainage mainly consist of organic compounds. Hence, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were generally used as the indices of pollution. However, these values are determined by special analyzer (TOC), titration method (COD), or microbe culture (BOD). Therefore, the development of simple and easy methods for the determination of water pollution is required. The authors reported the evaluation of water pollution by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in a model system with food components (Takamura et al. (200) Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Proceedings of 9th International Conference, pp. 503-507). In this study, the relationship between NIR spectra and drainage was investigated in order to develop a method for evaluation of drainage by NIR. Drainage was obtained in Nara Purification Center. The ranges of TOC, COD, and BOD were 0-130, 0-100 and 0-200, respectively. NIR transmittance spectra were recorded on NIR Systems Model 6250 Research Composition Analyzer in the wavelength range of 680-1235 and 1100-2500 nm with a quartz cell (light path: 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 10mm) at 10-40. Statistical analysis was performed using NSAS program. A partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis was used for calibration. As the result, a good correlation between the raw NIR spectra and OC was obtained in the calibration. The best light path was 10 and 0.5mm in the wavelength range of 680-1235 and 110-2500nm, respectively. In the calibration, correlation coefficients(R) were 096-0.97 in the both range. In the prediction, however, a good correlation (R=0.89-0.96) was obtained only in the range of 6801235 nm, Similar results were obtained in the cases of COD and BOD. These results suggest the possibility that NIR spectroscopy can be used to evaluate drainage.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1171-1171
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• 2001

Quantitative analysis is an important requirement in exploration, mining and processing of minerals. There is an increasing need for the use of quantitative mineralogical data to assist with bore hole logging, deposit delineation, grade control, feed to processing plants and monitoring of solid process residues. Quantitative analysis using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) requires fine grinding and the addition of a reference material, or the application of Rietveld analysis to XRD patterns to provide accurate analysis of the suite of minerals present. Whilst accurate quantitative data can be obtained in this manner, the method is time consuming and limited to the laboratory. Mid infrared when combined with multivariant analysis has also been used for quantitative analysis. However, factors such as the absorption coefficients and refractive index of the minerals requires special sample preparation and dilution in a dispersive medium, such as KBr to minimize distortion of spectral features. In contrast, the lower intensity of the overtones and combinations of the fundamental vibrations in the near infrared allow direct measurement of virtually any solid without special sample preparation or dilution. Thus Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has found application for quantitative on-line/in line analysis and control in a range of processing applications which include, moisture control in clay and textile processing, fermentation processes, wheat analysis, gasoline analysis and chemicals and polymers. It is developing rapidly in the mineral exploration industry and has been underpinned by the development of portable NIR spectrometers and spectral libraries of a wide range of minerals. For example, iron ores have been identified and characterized in terms of the individual mineral components using field spectrometers. Data acquisition time of NIR field instruments is of the order of seconds and sample preparation is minimal. Consequently these types of spectrometers have great potential for in-line or on-line application in the minerals industry. To demonstrate the applicability of NIR field spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of minerals, a specific example on the quantification of lateritic bauxites will be presented. It has been shown that the application of Partial Least Squares regression analysis (PLS) to the NIR spectra can be used to quantify chemistry and mineralogy in a range of lateritic bauxites. Important, issues such as sampling, precision, repeatability, and replication which influence the results will be discussed.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1347-1352
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• 2015

스마트폰 이용자는 경제활동 인구의 99% 이상이 사용하고 있으며 초기 형성단계를 지나 포화상태에 도달한 것으로 전문가들은 내다보고 있다. 본 연구는 스마트폰의 멀티미디어 기능이 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향 요인을 알아보고자 한다. 예측변수로는 확장 기술수용모델에서 제시된 인지된 유용성, 인지된 사용 용이성 그리고 인지된 유희성을 선택하였다. 연구대상은 부산과 전북지역에 거주하는 스마트폰 사용자 106명이며 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 인구통계학적인 분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics 19로 하였고 Smart PLS를 사용하여 확인적 요인분석과 변수 간의 인과관계에 대한 경로 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 인지된 가치와 지속사용의도에 이르는 모든 경로가 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 한계와 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.597-625
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• 2015

Prior research has emphasized the significant effect of service orientation on organizational performance. However, little research on service orientation has been conducted in the financial field, including the investment management service industry in which high quality service for clients is required. In this paper, we propose a research model that centers on the concept of service orientation as a type of dynamic capability affecting firm performance. The research variables include job competency, risk management capability, operational capability, service orientation, and service performance. We assume that service orientation partially mediates the effects of risk management capability and operational capability on service performance. To test the model, we collected data from 391 fund managers in 86 teams (37 investment management companies) and analyzed it with partial least squares (PLS) method. Each of the 391 fund managers was asked to answer team level measures, which is effective for team level analysis. We find that job competency positively affects both risk management capability and operational capability, which in turn affect service orientation. Risk management capability and operational capability are assumed to directly affect service performance. However, risk management capability does not influence perceived service performance, whereas operational capability does affect it. This result indicates that risk management capability does not directly affect service performance. However, via service orientation, considering that risk management inconveniences customers and is geared to enhance service orientation, service performance is positively affected. Operational capability does not influence service orientation, whereas it affects perceived service performance. This result reveals that operational capability directly affects firm performance. As expected, service orientation significantly affects the service performance perception of fund managers. This study contributes to the literature by introducing service orientation to the financial industry and measures and tests team-level service performance. Our findings also provide insights to practitioners because to enhance team performance, managers must focus on service orientation in addition to operational capability.