• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.96-104
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• 2006

Impervious pavement is primary contributor to the malfunctioning of the urban water circulation system. The aim of this research is to provide basic information and data for new pavement materials and paving technology which could enhance the urban water circulation system. For the study purposes, physical properties of soils sampled from 16 stations were analyzed. The sampling spots were paved with grass block porous pavement material. The findings from the analysis are as follows. The hardness of soils under the pavement was $17{\sim}22mm$ for thoroughfare and $6{\sim}32mm$ for parking areas. The bulk density was $1.42{\sim}1.81g/cm^{3}$ for thoroughfare and $1.38{\sim}1.75g/cm^{3}$ for parking area. The solid phase ration was $46.9{\sim}62.5m^{3}/m^{3}$ for thoroughfare and $45.6{\sim}61.3m^{3}/m^{3}$ for parking area. The porosity was $37.5{\sim}53.1m^{3}/m^{3}$ for thoroughfare and $38.7{\sim}54.4m^{3}/m^{3}$ for parking area. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was $8{\sim}164mm/hr$ for thoroughfare and $14{\sim}201mm/hr$ for parking area. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the H sample area (the area was completed three months ago) and that of the other area were compared. There was up to 80% decreases of the saturated hydraulic conductivity within one year after the completion of pavement. After the first year, decrease in the saturated hydraulic conductivity was modest. Also there are changes in both surface and under soil physical properties of the grass block porous pavement depending on compaction. The extent of change depends on the degree of compaction. All these factors are combined to influence the permeability of the soil under the pavements. The results of this suggest that it is required to develop a new pavement technology which ensures both the durability and porosity of the pavement to improve the water circulation system by applying Ecological Area Rate.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2002

Many of logistics-related research in automobile industry has focused on inbound logistics and procurement. Research into outbound logistics is relatively few. As a starting research into outbound logistics in automobile industry, this paper examined its logistics network problems with three aspects - location strategy, inventory strategy and transportation strategy. We proposed alternatives of logistics network design resolution, and presented three practical scenarios based on those alternatives. Based on interview, on-site visit and internal data collection processes, we identified major domestic outbound logistics problems such as redundant logistics bases, inefficient delivery policy, insufficient inventory capacity, inventory stock quality deterioration, inefficient transportation system, and etc. In order to cope with those problems, we proposed such strategic alternatives as introduction of hub-and-spoke system, integration of logistics bases, introduction of (automatic) parking building, diversification of transportation mode, and etc. At the same time, we constructed three practically executable scenarios based on those ideas. The first is "Center Hub" scenario, the second is "Metropolitan Hub" scenario. The third and last scenario is "Regional Consolidation of Warehouses (distribution centers)".

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.13-21
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• 2015

Purpose - The purpose of this research paper is twofold. First, this paper attempts to grasp the damage caused to small and medium-size retail traders from online wholesalers in the field. Second, this paper engages in a psychological characterization of the enterprise spirit and the management of small and medium-size entrepreneurs in the retail trade business that are harmed by online wholesalers. Research design, data, and methodology - Data on three large Korean wholesalers engaged in ongoing litigation during the first half of 2014, including E-Mart Traders E-Club, and regarding applications for business adjustments from three large wholesalers were used. Results - The results show that small and medium-size distribution merchants seek political support for facility modernization, policy-specific funds, development of the distribution of PB products, advanced distribution techniques, joint logistics systems, establishment of distribution and logistics centers, sharing of parking facilities, and joint ordering systems. Conclusions - This study examined the damage to, and the government's support of policy demands from, small retail traders.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.313-314
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• 2006

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.299-312
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• 2013

This study investigated the contaminant loading and characteristics of particle size distributions(PSDs) in the rainfall runoff from two different sources, the pavement road and the ancillary parking lot, and then evaluated four different types of filter media(i.e., EPP, EPS, Zeolite, and Perlite) to treat runoff water. The results showed that runoff from the pavement road contains 5.6 and 20 times higher SS and Pb concentrations, respectively, than that from the parking lot. The particles smaller than $100{\mu}m$ occupied 89.8 % of runoff from the pavement road and 81.4 % of that from the parking lot by volume. The effect of the hydraulic loading, at 950 m/day filtering linar velocity and 40 cm head loss, was largest for Zeolite, followed by Perlite, EPS, and EPP. The return period of tested media calculated by the regression equation for head loss indicated that EPP has the longest life time. The average SS removal rate was similar for all media at between 84.9 % and 89 %, while the effect of various filter column heights was different, showing minimal for EPP and maximum for EPS. All filter media tested demonstrated over 95 % of SS treatment efficiency for the particles bigger than $100{\mu}m$, while for the ones smaller than $100{\mu}m$ the efficiency was in order of EPP(82.4%) > Perlite(76.1 %) > EPS(66.2 %) > Zeolite(65.2 %). The results in conclusion implies that EPP is most effective filter media for the highly contaminated fine particles from road runoff.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.439-449
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• 2021

The recent reduction in greenhouse gases, interest in environmental pollution such as low-carbon emission policies is increasing. Accordingly, the penetration rate of eco-friendly vehicles, including hydrogen battery vehicles capable of reducing carbon emission, is increasing, and thus it is required for disaster prevention and safety-related measures. In this study, the degree of risk for the concentration distribution of hydrogen when leaking hydrogen fuel vehicles according to ventilation conditions was analyzed through numerical analysis, limited to places in parking lots. As a result, when only one hydrogen tank was released, the combustible volume ratio of hydrogen in the underground parking lot was up to 8.6%, and as ventilation continued, the volume ratio of combustible hydrogen decreased to less than 1% after 150 seconds, indicating that mechanical ventilation is essential. In the case of simultaneous release or stage release of three hydrogen tanks, the final combustible volume ratio of hydrogen is similar, but the increase in the combustible volume ratio of hydrogen in the early stage of release is low, and further research is expected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2022

Images taken using drones have been applied to fields that require rapid decision-making as they can quickly construct high-quality 3D spatial information for small regions. To construct spatial information based on drone images, it is necessary to determine the relationship between images by extracting keypoints between adjacent drone images and performing image matching. Therefore, in this study, three study regions photographed using a drone were selected: a region where parking lots and a lake coexisted, a downtown region with buildings, and a field region of natural terrain, and the performance of AKAZE (Accelerated-KAZE), BRISK (Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints), KAZE, ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF), SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), and SURF (Speeded Up Robust Features) algorithms were analyzed. The performance of the keypoints extraction algorithms was compared with the distribution of extracted keypoints, distribution of matched points, processing time, and matching accuracy. In the region where the parking lot and lake coexist, the processing speed of the BRISK algorithm was fast, and the SURF algorithm showed excellent performance in the distribution of keypoints and matched points and matching accuracy. In the downtown region with buildings, the processing speed of the AKAZE algorithm was fast and the SURF algorithm showed excellent performance in the distribution of keypoints and matched points and matching accuracy. In the field region of natural terrain, the keypoints and matched points of the SURF algorithm were evenly distributed throughout the image taken by drone, but the AKAZE algorithm showed the highest matching accuracy and processing speed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.3188-3207
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose an image enhancement algorithm to improve license plate extraction rate in various environments (Day Street, Night Street, Underground parking lot, etc.). The proposed algorithm is composed of image enhancement algorithm and license plate extraction algorithm. The image enhancement method can improve an image quality of the degraded image, which utilizes a histogram information and overall gray level distribution of an image. The proposed algorithm employs an interpolated probability distribution value (PDV) in order to control a sudden change in image brightness. Probability distribution value can be calculated using cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of the captured image, whose values are achieved by brightness distribution of the captured image. Also, by adjusting the image enhancement factor of each part region based on image pixel information, it provides a function that can adjust the gradation of the image in more details. This processed gray image is converted into a binary image, which fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs, eliminates small holes, and fills gaps in the contour by using morphology operations. Then license plate region is detected based on aspect ratio and license plate size of the bound box drawn on connected license plate areas. The images have been captured by using a video camera or a personal image recorder installed in front of the cars. The captured images have included several license plates on multilane roads. Simulation has been executed using OpenCV and MATLAB. The results show that the extraction success rate is more improved than the conventional algorithms.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 1986

Motor vehicle related air pollution has become more serious because of rapid increase of number of cars, specially in the urban area. The increase trend seems to be accelerated, however, the fact is that road conditions, parking facilities and traffic control systems are far behind coping with this situation. In spite of the lack of related basic data, urban transportation planning (UPT) and air pollution dispersion models were applied to predict air pollution level. In standard UPT model, trip generation, distribution, modal split and network assignment were estimated by experimental equations and appropriate models. The air pollution level in the central business area was believed to be higher and it will increase continuously due to the increase of traffic demand. To meet this situation, air pollution problem should be considered as a part of integrated plannings of urban plans or transportation plans as well as more stringent motor vehicle emission standards, have to be enforced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.970-973
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• 2006

In this paper, this system implements a wireless parking lots management using RFID. Universal RFID Reader uses the software and specifies the class of UHF band. And then, it can recognize UHF band tags controlling the hardware. It can provide more efficient administration of physical distribution.