• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.261-267
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• 1999

Purpose : In FSRT (Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy) planning, we studied the usefulness between multiple arc FSRT and conformal FSRT by comparing tumor shape and DVH (dose volume histogram). Materials and Methods In Chungnam Univ. hospital, we had treated the sixteen patients with FSRT from Aug. 1997 to Dec. 1998. In choosing multiple arc FSRT or conformal FSRT, we had considered If (irregular factor) after calculating tumor volume and surface area. We had considered multiple arc FSRT if tumor shape was similar to sphere or the value of If was less than 1.25, conformal FSRT if tumor shape was very irregular or If was more than 1.3. For evaluation of treatment planning, we had considered the appropriate DVH for tumor volume and for critical organs. Results : The errors between reference point and the coordinates point on AP, Lat radiography were less than 1 mm before treatment. We had planned $3\~$5 arcs for multiple arc FSRT, $5\~6$ports for conformal FSRT. The mean dose distribution of tumor volume of cumulative DVH between multiple arc FSRT and conformal FSRT was 90.6, 85%, respectively. The dose of critical organs irradiated was less than $5\%$ maximum dose of cumulative DVH. Conclusion : We had obtained the similar value between multiple arc FSRT and conformal FSRT, so that we had appropriate treatment planning of FSRT for multiple arc FSRT and conformal FSRT according to tumor shape and size.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.328-335
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine effects of soil pH and form of nitrogen fertilizers on tomato growth and chemical properties of greenhouse soil using ferigation system. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Superdoterang) were grown for three months in 18 L pots filled with two soil (pH 6.8 and pH 8.7). 4 different nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium nitrate) were fertigated with different concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg N/L during tomato cultivation. Soil pH 8.7 decreased yield and chlorophyll fluorescence compared with soil pH 6.8. Yield at soil pH 8.7 increased by ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate fertigation. Soil pH 6.8 induced increment of yield by nitrogen concentration than form of nitrogen fertilizers. Soil pH after cultivation of tomato decreased by application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Soil EC by 100 mg N/L application of ammonium sulfate was twice as much as other fertilizers. Form of nitrogen fertilizer had less effect on concentration of soil $NH_4^+$-N and $NO_3^-$-N in soil but the concentrations slightly reduced at pH 8.7. These results indicate that application of urea and ammonium nitrate for a nitrogen source of fertigation has little affects on soil chemical properties before and after tomato cultivation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2003

Background : Wheezing is an important clue in the diagnosis of asthma. Previously, a Korean National asthma survey used a written questionnaire, containing the question, "Have you ever experienced a breathing sound-like 'sack-sack' or a flute sound (the Korean description for wheezing) during the last 12 months?" The response to this question showed a large discrepancy between the prevalence of wheezing and physician diagnosed asthma. This might have resulted partly from a misunderstanding of the question, due to an inadequate description for wheezing. This study was aimed at finding how well the layman understands the term "wheezing" when described as a breathing sound-like 'sack-sack', a whistle or a flute. Subjects and method : Sixty subjects, without experience of wheezing(group I), and 45 subjects, with chronic cough alleging wheezing(group II), were recruited from the Hallym University's Sacred Heart Hospital, in Anyang, Korea. Four different breathing sounds; vesicular, wheezing, tracheobronchial and crackle, were played for the subjects, without any experience with wheezing, and they were asked "which sound is most like that you would imagine when asked about a breathing sound-like 'sack-sack', a whistle or a flute?" This was followed by replaying the true wheezing sound, and then a global assessment was requested for the concordance between the real wheezing sound and the imagined wheezing sound. The wheezing sound was played for those subjects alleging wheezing, and they were asked, "have you really experienced that sound". Results : Only 46.7% of group I answered correctly, with 13.3% choosing the vesicular sound, 16.7% the tracheobronchial sound, 5.0% the crackle and 18.3% failed to answer. The concordance between their imagined wheezing and the real sound was $69.3{\pm}22.4%(mean{\pm}S.D.)$. 77.8% of group II recognized the correct sound as the one they had experienced. Conclusions : Language is not sufficient to the layman for describing natural sounds, such as wheezing.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2006

Background : Hemoptysis, when massive and untreated, has a mortality rate of over 50 percents, is considered as one of most dreaded of all respiratory emergencies and can have a variety of underlying causes. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) has become an established procedure in the management of massive and recurrent hemoptysis, and its efficacy is widely documented thereafter by number of articles. However, the long-term success rate of BAE is known to be unfavorable. Risk factors influencing that control failure are inevitably needed. Materials and methods : Seventy-five patients underwent bronchial artery embolization due to massive hemoptysis in Severance Hospital from Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2005. Nine patients' data were not available and could not be contacted with. Finally 66 patients' (48 males, 18 females) medical records were analyzed retrospectively during a mean follow up period of 20.4 months (ranging from 1 month to 54 months). Results : Among 66 patients whose data were available, 23(34.9%) patients had recurrent major hemoptysis. Patients' age, sex, underlying disease, previous intervention history, and number of feeding vessels had no statistical validity as risk factors of recurred major hemoptysis. But bilaterality of lesion, amount of hemoptysis, and pleural thickening were revealed as meaningful factors for predicting relapse (p = 0.008, 0.018, and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion : According to our series, patients presenting with larger amount of hemoptysis, pleural thickening of chest radiography and bilateral lesion are associated with increased risk of major hemoptysis in patients treated with BAE.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Niphon spinosus, Epinephelus bruneus, and Epinephelus septemfasciatus are involved in the Perciformes Order and Serranidae Family. When E. bruneus and E. septemfasciatus are fully grown, the striped pattern on the body gradually disappears. Therefore, morphological classification of adult fishes is quite difficult to identify the differences to N. spinosus. In this study, we investigate the method to differentiate those using PCR. To design the primers, 16S rRNA region of N. spinosus, E. bruneus, and E. septemfasciatus registered in the GeneBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) have been used and for the analysis, Bio Edit ver. 7.0.9.0 was used. As a result, it was design NS-003-F/NS-005-R (136 bp), EB-001-F/EB-002-R (181 bp), and ES-001-F/ES-001-R (123 bp) primers for the differentiation of each 3 different fishes. Therefore, the species-specific primer sets would be a useful tool for scientific and speedy differentiation against the illegal distribution for consumer protection.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.449-460
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• 2021

The purpose of this study explained the experience of volunteering activities and the relationship of subjective self-awareness in order to examine the social meaning of volunteer activities. For adults aged 20 or older, 312 volunteering experience and social support awareness were analyzed on the level of self-identity by allocation sampling method depending on gender and age. The analysis results of this study were as follows. First, it was found that those who have experienced volunteer activitiies have a relatively simple willingness to participate in professional volunteer activities and those who have experienced volunteer activities. Second, social support and self-identification were different depending on whether they have experienced volunteer activities. Third, age, volunteer participation, willingness to participated in volunteering, and social support were analyzed as explanatory factors predicting self-identification of research participants. Based on the research results, volunteer activities to positively promote self-awareness suggested the need to practice volunteer activities according to the life cycle so that social meaning can be given. As a policy suggestion, the need for volunteer activities was closely analyzed to enable healthy self-forming for well-aging from adulthood to old age to discussed the need for policies and systems to strengthen volunteer motivation as leisure activities.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.82-96
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• 2019

This study evaluated the status of watershed health in Geum River Basin by SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrology and water quality. The watershed healthiness from watershed hydrology and stream water quality was calculated using multivariate normal distribution from 0(poor) to 1(good). Before evaluation of watershed healthiness, the SWAT calibration for 11 years(2005~2015) of streamflow(Q) at 5 locations with 0.50~0.77 average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency and suspended solid (SS), total nitrogen(T-N), and total phosphorus(T-P) at 3 locations with 0.67~0.94, 0.59~0.79, and 0.61~0.79 determination coefficient($R^2$) respectively. For 24 years (1985~2008) the spatiotemporal change of watershed healthiness was analyzed with calibarted SWAT and 5 land use data of 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2008. The 2008 SWAT results showed that the surface runoff increased by 40.6%, soil moisture and baseflow decreased by 6.8% and 3.0% respectively compared to 1985 reference year. The stream water quality of SS, T-N, and T-P increased by 29.2%, 9.3%, and 16.7% respectively by land development and agricultural activity. Based on the 1985 year land use condition. the 2008 watershed healthiness of hydrology and stream water quality decreased from 1 to 0.94 and 0.69 respectively. The results of this study be able to detect changes in watershed environment due to human activity compared to past natural conditions.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2023

The brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is one of the important pests infesting cruciferous vegetables. In order to understand the biological characteristics of the insect, we investigated the effects of temperature on development of each life stage, adult longevity and fecundity of P. brassicae at four constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 27.5℃ for immature life stage and five constant different temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 27.5℃ for adult stage. Eggs and larvae successfully developed next life stage at temperature tested. The development period of egg, larva, and pupa decreased as temperature increased. Lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) were calculated using linear regression as 8.7℃ and 344.73DD, respectively. Lower and higher threshold temperature (TL and TH) from egg to adult emergence were estimated by Briere function as 5.3℃ and 40.4℃, respectively. Adults produced eggs at the temperature range between 10℃ and 27.5℃, and showed an estimated maximum number, ca. 627.5 eggs at 21.7℃. Adult oviposition models including aging rate, age-specific survival rate, age-specific cumulative oviposition, and temperature-dependent fecundity were constructed. Temperature-dependent development models and adult oviposition models would be useful components to understand the population dynamics of P. brassicae and to establish the strategy of integrated pest management in cruciferous crops.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 2007

The synthesis and the characterization of Low Silica X (LSX) zeolite for nitrogen adsorption have been studied. The performance of LSX zeolite for nitrogen adsorption was compared to that of the commercial zeolite. The $Na_2O/(Na_2O+K_2O)$ ratio in the gel and the crystallization time were fixed as the synthetic factor. The LSX zeolite was formed at the $Na_2O/(Na_2O+K_2O)$ ratio of 0.75. The formation of LSX zeolite was confirmed by XRD and SEM. The Si/Al ratio was investigated by using XRF and FT-IR. The synthesized LSX zeolite showed a lower Si/Al ratio than the NaY and NaX zeolites although they have a same faujasite structure. The Si/Al ratio of the LSX zeolite converged close to 1. 1A (Li, Na, K) and 2A (Mg, Ca, Ba) group elements were ion-exchanged to the LSX zeolite. As the charge density of cation rises, the amount of nitrogen adsorbed increased. $Li^+$ ion-exchanged LSX zeolite showed the highest nitrogen adsorption weight. When the Li/Al ratio was over 0.65, nitrogen adsorption increased remarkably. $Li^+$ ions located on the supercage (site III, III') in the LSX zeolite played a role as nitrogen adsorption sites. When the $Ca^{2+}$ ions were added to the LiLSX zeolite by ion-exchange method, the performance for nitrogen adsorption increased more. The performance for the nitrogen adsorption was the highest at the Ca/Al ratio of 0.26. Nitrogen adsorption capacity of LiCaLSX (Ca/Al=0.26) zeolite was superior to the commercial NaX zeolite.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.385-397
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• 2015

Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) are chemical compounds in tobacco smoke that cause harm to smokers and non-smokers. This study established and validated methods for the analysis of HPHCs from mainstream cigarette smoke. The analyzed HPHCs were categorized into seven groups: aromatic amines, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), ammonia, and carbonyl compounds. The methods were validated by specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), accuracy, precision, and recovery. These validated methods were then applied to the reference cigarettes (1R5F, 3R4F). The correlation coefficients (r²) for the calibration curves of the seven groups were over 0.995. The LODs showed values of 0.01-0.04 ng/cig cig for aromatic amines, 0.01-0.16 μg/cig for VOCs, 0.01-1.27 ng/cig for heavy metals, 0.06-0.28 ng/cig for TSNAs, 0.04 ng/cig for benzo[a]pyrene, 0.08 μg/cig for ammonia, and 0.78-1.77 μg/cig for carbonyl compounds. The precisions obtained from the intra and inter-day batches were less than 15%. The accuracy and the recovery range were less than 15% and 79.2-117.5%, respectively. The proposed methods can therefore be applied for determining HPHCs in tobacco mainstream smoke.