• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

The mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to incoming pathogens which can cause infections that result in severe morbidity and/or mortality. Studies have reported that mucosal immunity is important for providing protection against these pathogens and that mucosal vaccination is effective in preventing local infections. For many years, the sublingual mucosa has been targeted to deliver immunotherapy to treat allergic hypersensitivities. However, the potential of vaccine delivery via sublingual mucosal has received little attention until recently. Recent studies exploring such potential have documented the safety and effectiveness of sublingual immunization, demonstrating the ability of sublingual immunization to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses against a variety of antigens, including soluble proteins, inter particulate antigens, and live-attenuated viruses. This review will summarize the recent findings that address the promising potential of sublingual immunization in proving protection against various mucosal pathogens.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.126-129
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• 1999

A 6 and a half year-old girl developed recurrent cholangitis following hepatic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia. Computed tomogram showed an ovoid cyst ($4.5{\times}4.0$ cm in size) in the left hepatic lobe and another tubular dilatation ($2.0{\times}0.8$ cm in size) in the right hepatic lobe. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage(PTCD) and cystogram showed an ovoid cyst in the left hepatic lobe (Tsuchida type A), measuring $6.6{\times}5.0$ cm in size. Following drainage and administration of parenteral antibiotics she became afebrile and anicteric. However she continued to drain 45-150 cc of bile per day via the tube over the next 2 weeks. The patient successfully underwent intrahepatic cystojejunostomy with intraoperative ultrasonographic guidance. This case illustrates relapsing cholangitis caused by Tsuchida type A intrahepatic cyst, successfully managed with PTCD followed by an internal drainage procedure.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1997

Extended porta hepatis dissection and hepatic portojejunostomy was performed on 14 biliary atresia patients during last 13 years by a single surgeon. The average age at operation was 68 days(range from 37 days to 98 days). The patients were admitted for 8 weeks postoperatively for administration of parenteral antibiotics. There was one operative mortality due to acute hepatic necrosis. Among 13 patients remaining, 12(92.5 %) became chemically jaundice-free within 36 weeks postoperatively(average 16.8 weeks). the earliest 8 weeks, and in one patients jaundice persisted. Five(38.5 %) patients developed cholangitis after operation. Among jaundice-free patients, one patient died of unrelated disease 2 years after hepatic portojejunostomy, who underwent left lateral segmentectomy because of a biloma. Eleven survivors(78.6 %) are jaundice-free. The oldest one is 13 years old, enjoying a normal life. The mean period of follow-up is 7 years and 3 months.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.190-195
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• 2008

Cholelithiasis is rarely recognized in children, especially in infants. Hemolytic disorders, long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN), congenital anomalies of the biliary tree leading to stasis of bile flow, congenital IgA-deficiency, furosemide treatment, and prolonged fasting have been reported as predisposing factors for cholelithiasis in childhood. Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-E has rarely been reported as a risk factor for cholelithiasis. We report a case of gallbladder stones in a neonate associated with anti-E antibody hemolytic disease.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2009

Some pediatric patients who can not eat orally depend on enteral tube feedings, and some patients require more nutrients and calories to achieve the catch-up growth. If a patient is counting on the parenteral nutrition, early initiation of enteral feeding, orally or enterally, is a very good for the intestinal mucosal maturity and motility. There are numerous kinds of formulas and supplements for the enteral feeding for neonates, infants, and children. Depending on the intestinal symptoms, allergic symptoms, requirement of special nutrients, we can choose regular infant formula (milk-based, soy-based), protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid hydrolysate formula, elemental formula. Proper use of these formulas would help for the pediatric patients to recover from their diseases, to facilitate the intestinal mucosal maturity and to achieve their goal of growth.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2009

Nutritional support team (NST) is a multidisciplinary group of nutrition professionals with interest and expertise in the evaluation and management of malnutrition and nutrition-related problems in hospital. The goal of NST is providing optimal nutrition to patients who need enteral and parenteral nutrition. Recently, NST is set up in some hospitals in Korea. However, until now, pediatric NST is not established in most hospitals. Because children admitted to hospital are at risk of malnutrition, NST is required to provide effective nutritional management for pediatric patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.504-507
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• 2008

Implantable central venous catheters (Chemoport) are increasingly being used for vascular access, parenteral nutrition and administering chemotherapeutic agents. As with most invasive procedures, central venous catheterization is associated with numerous potential complications such as infection, thoromboembolism and occlusion. A rare but serous complication is the catheter fracture. We present here three cases of catheter fracture as a consequence of Pinch off syndrome, and we include a review of the relevant literature.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2010

Optimal nutrition serves to maintain normal organ function and to preserve body energy stores to guarantee survival during times of shortage of food. Adequate nutrition of intensive care unit (ICU) patients improves outcome, while malnutrition is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates among critically ill patients. Previously published researches showed that trials of nutritional support in critical illness rarely fulfill basic quality requirements. Nutrition support plays a vital role in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiencies in at-risk, critically ill patients. This paper reviewed the challenges in determining critically ill patients' nutrition requirements including nutrition assessment, determination of caloric requirements then providing them with adequate nutrition support while in the ICU with the guidelines published by Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Nutrition support can be effectively enhanced by using the guidelines.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.496-499
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• 2013

Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is rare in healthy children. We report a case of PLA in an immunocompetent 12-year-old boy. Percutaneous catheter drainage was performed for the abscess. In addition, parenteral antibiotics were administered for 3 weeks. Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in the culture of blood and drained fluid. Here, we present this case and a brief review of the literature on this subject.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.177-189
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• 1996

Raverase osmosis or ultrafiltration systems have generally been regarded as hard to validate about WFI production. Though the Japanese and US Pharmacopoeias have allowed distillation and RO to be applied to WFI production process, only water stills, especially multiple effects have practically been employed for parenteral water production. On the other hand, the latest analysis has shown that even distillate contains such volatile organic matters as trihalomethanes and traces of heavy metals at a little higher concentration than supposed. The JP requires TOC to be monitored in WFI process based on RO or UF systems to control the concentration below 300ppb, but very few monographs or papers have so far been published about the concentrations of organic volatile matters in distillate. (See table 1-1) Therefore, this paper proposes a new applicable WFI systems based on the result of purified water analysis with some membranes used in the process. A well combined membrane system with other units could be expected to provide less amount of impurities in membrane-treated water than in distillate.