• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2022

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent illness of the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of IBD traditionally involves the use of aminosalicylic acid and steroids, while these drugs has been associated with untoward effects and refractoriness. The absence of effective treatment regimen against IBD has led to the exploration of new targets. Parasites are promising as an alternative therapy for IBD. Recent studies have highlighted the use of parasite-derived substances, such as excretory secretory products, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and exosomes, for the treatment of IBD. In this report, we examined whether EVs secreted by Giardia lamblia could prevent colitis in a mouse model. G. lamblia EVs (GlEVs) were prepared from in vitro cultures of Giardia trophozoites. Clinical signs, microscopic colon tissue inflammation, and cytokine expression levels were detected to assess the effect of GlEV treatment on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental murine colitis. The administration of GlEVs prior to DSS challenge reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interferon gamma. Our results indicate that GlEV can exert preventive effects and possess therapeutic properties against DSS-induced colitis.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2010

Pseudodactylogyrus속 아가미흡충에 자연감염된 뱀장어(체중 89.8~96g)를 대상으로 수온 $28^{\circ}$의 사육조건에서 포르말린의 구제효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 아가미흡충의 수적 변화에 의한 포르말린의 구제효과를 조사하기에 앞서, 포르말린의 농도별(0~500ppm) 및 시간별(30분~24시간) 약욕에 따른 뱀장어의 헤마토크릿치(Ht) 변화를 분석하여 포르말린이 뱀장어의 혈액생리에 미치는 독성효과를 살펴보았다. 그리고 Ht 결과를 기준으로 하여 포르말린의 농도 및 처리시간 등을 약욕 처리법을 다양하게 설정한 다음 아가미흡충의 감염농도를 조사하였다. 포르말린에 24시간 동안 약욕한 뱀장어의 Ht는 대조구와 비교하여 100 및 200 ppm에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. (P>0.05). 그러나 300~500 ppm에서는 Ht가 유의적인 증가(P<0.05)를 나타내어 이 농도에서는 포르말린의 독성이 뱀장어의 생리기능에 영향을 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 포르말린 100 및 200 ppm 농도에서 24시간동안 약욕한 처리법에서 아가미흡충의 유의적인 감소(P<0.05)가 확인되었다. 한편, 연구자들은 앞선 연구에서 뱀장어에 대한 포르말린의 24시간 반수치사농도($LC_{50}$)를 보고하였는데, 이 때 100 및 200 ppm에서 24시간 동안 약욕할 경우 200 ppm에서는 13.3%의 누적사망률을 확인하였으나, 100 ppm에서는 사망한 개체가 한 마리도 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 포르말린 100 ppm에서 24시간 동안 약욕하는 처리법이 뱀장어에 기생된 Pseudodactylogyrus속 아가미흡충을 효과적으로 구제할 수 있는 것으로 생각되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2011

In Nigeria, malaria causes up to 11% of maternal mortality. Our main aim was to find out the most common mosquito control measures employed by the pregnant women in Lagos and their effects on malaria infection. The study was carried out over a period of 6 months during which trained interviewers administered questionnaires to 400 pregnant women. The prevalence of malaria was 8.4%. There was no significant association between the prevalence of malaria and age, level of education, or occupation of the participants. Pregnant women in the age range 26-30 had the mean parasite density ($409.9{\pm}196.80$). Insecticide spray (32.8%), mosquito coil (27.5%), and insecticide-treated nets (ITN) (15.5%) were the major mosquito control measures employed by the participants while the prevalence of infection among them were 2.3%, 6.2%, and 3.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Only 18.3% of the women had taken more than one dose of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), while another 11.8% had taken a single dose. The infection rate among them was 4.1% and 6.4%, respectively. Malaria prevalence was highest among those who had not received any dose of IPT (10%). This study showed that the use of ITN and IPT among the pregnant women were still unacceptably low. It also showed that the use of insecticide spray which was the most common malaria control measure adopted by the participants was effective despite the fact that it is not a National Malaria Control Policy. We recommend that a sustained integrated mosquito man-agement and public education should be strengthened in Nigeria.

• 식물병연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2007

Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013(AQ94013)이 오이 흰가루병의 생물적 방제를 위하여 효과적인 기생균으로 선발되었다. 온실에서 AQ94013의 포자현탁액을 $5.0{\times}10^6/ml$ 또는 $5.0{\times}10^7/ml$를 예방적으로 경엽 살포하여 9일간 오이 흰가루병의 발생을 상당히 억제시켰다. 오이 흰가루병이 발생한 후에 AQ94013의 포자현탁액$(5.0{times}10^6/ml)$을 처리하였을 때에도 3일에서 7일내에 흰가루병을 효과적으로 억제시켰다. 오이재배 비닐하우스에서 AQ94013의 포자현탁액$(5{\times}10^6/ml)$을 7일 간격 3회 처리는 AQ94013의 포자현탁액의 10일 간격 2회 처리와 화학약제 훼나리몰유제를 2회 처리한 것 보다 오이 흰가루병 방제 효과가 높았다. 그러므로 AQ94013균주는 오이 흰가루병 생물적 방제을 위하여 유망한 미생물살균제로 개발할 필요가 있다고 판단되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.229-231
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• 2012

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite resulting in human infections and one of the infectious pathogens leading to uveitis and retinochoroiditis. The present study was performed to assess T. gondii infection in 20 ocular patients with chronic irregular recurrent uveitis (20 aqueous humor and 20 peripheral blood samples) using PCR. All samples were analyzed by nested PCR targeting a specific B1 gene of T. gondii. The PCR-positive rate was 25% (5/20), including 5% (1) in blood samples, 25% (5) in aqueous humor samples, and 5% (1) in both sample types. A molecular screening test for T. gondii infection in ocular patients with common clinical findings of an unclear retinal margin and an inflammatory membrane over the retina, as seen by fundus examination, may be helpful for early diagnosis and treatment.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

This paper describes the slaughter check results of breeding pigs from the Korean Swine Testing Station for the control of endemic diseases. Gross lesions monitored in the present study included those conditions commonly associated with economically significant subclinical herd infections: enzootic pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, pleuritis, atrophic rhinitis, liver white spots, papular dermatitis and ileitis. A total of 128 slaughter pigs were investigated at 4 subsequent tests according to the slaughter check procedures established. The prevalence of enzootic pneumonia, pleuropneumonia and pleuritis in the initial test was 67.9%, 28.6% and 17.9%, respectively. However, these were decreased to 46.7%, 6.7% and 6.7%, respectively, in the last test after implementation of counter measures including clean-up protocols and medication programs (p > 0.05). The mean pneumonic score also significantly decreased from 6.8 in the initial test to 2.8 in the last test. The prevalence of atrophic rhinitis (${\geq}score\;2$) was 32.2% and mean atrophic rhinitis score of 1.1 were recorded. However, no significant improvement of conditions was achieved with the counter measures indicating that atrophic rhinitis was originated from the source herds and lesions developed early in the life. In the initial test, prevalence of liver white spots and papular dermatitis lesions was 21.4% and 25.0%, respectively. These conditions were cleaned by the implementation of parasite control measures with all-in all-out, strict clean-up protocols and proper medications adopted in the present study (liver white spots, p = 0.0124; papular dermatitis lesions, p = 0.0055). The prevalence of ileitis lesions in slaughter pigs from the initial test was 28.6%, it could be gradually reduced by the use of repeated treatments and control measures but the effect was not so significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, slaughter check procedures were successfully established and applied for the control of endemic diseases in the Korean Swine Testing Station.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1970

우리나라에서 공중보건상(公衆保健上) 중요(重要)한 연충류감염에 대(對)하여 1969년(年) 현재(現在) 실시(實施)한 관리(管理) 현황(現況)을 조사(調査)하였으며, 그 결과(結果)를 보면 1966년(年)부터 1969년(年)까지의 학생기생충검사 및 회충구충 사업(事業)에 있어서 그 간(間) 회충감염률의 저하(低下)를 별(別)로 가져오지 못하였음이 나타났으며 따라서 앞으로 본(本) 사업(事業)의 개선(改善) 또는 보다 적극적인 사업(事業)의 추진(推進)이 요망(要望)된다. 보건사회부(保健社會部)에서 지정(指定)한 지역(地域)에서 $1965{\sim}1968$년(年)의 4년간(年間)에 실시(實施)한 폐(肺) 및 간(肝) 디스토마 집단치료사업(集團治療事業)에 있어서는 추정환자수(推定患者數)의 감소(減少)를 크게 가져오지 못하여 사업(事業)의 부진(不振)함을 나타내었다. 구충제제조에 있어서 너무 많은 제조회사(製造會社)에서 많은 종류(種類)의 상품(商品)이 제조(製造)되어 난맥(亂脈)을 이루고 있었으며 따라서 구충제 제조허가(製造許可)에 있어서의 재고(再考)가 요구(要求)된다. 인분처리(人糞處理) 상황(狀況)에 있어서 도시지역(都市地域)에 있어서는 위생적(衛生的)인 하수도(下水道)가 미비(未備)되고 하수종말처리장(下水終末處理場)이 전연(全然) 없고 수거처리(收去處理)되고 있으며 한편 농촌지역(農村地域)의 인분처리(人糞處理)는 거의 수임상태(收任狀態)로 비위생적(非衛生的)이어서 기생충 전파(傳播)의 가장 큰 요인(要因)의 하나가 된다. 인분사용금지구역(人糞使用禁止區域)으로 지정된 전국(全國) 55개(個) 지역중(地域中) 34개(個) 지역(地域)에서 총(總) 170건(件)의 토양(土壤)(밭흙)을 채취하여 검사(檢査)한바 그중(中) 44%에서 회충난이 검출(檢出)되었다. 청정채소보급소(淸淨菜蔬補給所)와 일반시장(一般市場)에서 판매하는 각종 채소(菜蔬) 각(各) 64건(件)씩을 구입하여 검사(檢査)한바 회충난검출률은 보급소(補給所)의 것이 25%, 일반시장(一般市場)의 것이 36%로 나타났다. 전국(全國) 보건소(保建所)에서의 기생충병관리사업 실적(實績)과 기생충 검사능력(檢査能力)은 저조(低調)하였다. 보건사회부(保健社會部)의 기생충병 관리(管理) 예산(豫算)은 아주 적으며, 세로판후층도말법(厚層塗抹法)에 소요(所要)되는 실비(實費)를 산출(算出)한바 1건당(件當) 8원이었다. 기생충병 관리원칙(管理原則)은 기생충 자체(自體)의 생활사(生活史)를 중심(中心)으로 하는 요인(要因)과 이에 영향을 주는 제환경적(諸環境的) 요인(要因), 그리고 감염(感染)과 관계되는 인간숙주측(人間宿主側) 요인(要因)등의 여러가지 요인(要因)에 의(依)해서 발생(發生)되는 기생충감염의 생성과정중(生成過程中)의 어느 한 부분(部分) 또는 그 이상(以上)을 제거하는 방향으로 이루어지며, 그 방법에는 다음과 같은 사항들을 들수 있다. (1) 감염자(感染者)에 대(對)한 집단치료(集團治療)로서 감염(感染)의 근원(根源)이 되는 병원소(病原巢)를 제거(除去)한다. (2) 보충동물을 제거(除去)함으로써 인체감염(人體感染)과 관계되는 동물병원소(動物病原巢)를 제거(除去)한다. (3) 보충숙주의 배설물(排泄物)에 대(對)한 위생적(衛生的) 처리(處理)인바 여기에서 주요(主要)한 것은 도시지역(都市地域)에서의 완비(完備)된 하수도(下水道)와 하수종말처리장(下水終末處理場), 그리고 농촌지역(農村地域)에서의 비흡취식(非吸取式)인 위생적편소(衛生的便所)의 설치(設置) 등이며 이것은 우리나라에서의 인분비료사용(人糞肥料使用)의 폐지(廢止)와 국가경제(國家經濟)의 향상(向上)으로서 그 목적(目的)을 달성(達成)할 수 있게 된다. (4) 매개체(媒介體) 및 중간숙주(中間宿主)의 관리(管理)로서 토양(土壤)의 기생충오염방지, 식품위생(食品衛生), 곤충관리 그리고 패류관리(貝類管理) 등을 들 수 있다. (5) 비위생적(非衛生的) 태도(態度)와 폐습(弊習)의 개선(改善)으로서 기생충감염과 관계 있는 입분비료(入糞肥料)의 사용(使用), 식습관(食習慣) 및 개인위생(個人衛生) 등이 문제된다. (6) 화학예방(化學豫防) 및 예방접종(豫防接種)은 전술(前述)한 바와같은 전파예방(傳播豫防) 조치(措置)가 실패(失敗)하는 경우 체내(體內)에 침입(侵入)되는 기생충체를 체내(體內)의 방어력(防禦力)에 의(依)하여 그 감염(感染)의 성립(成立)과 성충에의 발육(發育)을 방지(防止)하려는 조치(措置)로서 이에 대(對)한 앞으로의 보다 적극적인 연구(硏究) 개발(開發)이 요망(要望)된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

The aim of the study is to characterize the phenotypes of $CD4^+$ $CD25^+$ T regulatory cells within the liver granulomas and association with both Foxp-3 gene expression and splenic cytokines. Naive C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with multiple doses of the soluble egg antigen (SEA) 7 days before cercarial infection. The immunized and infected control groups were sacrificed 8 and 16 weeks post-infection (PI). Histopathology, parasitological parameters, splenic phenotypes for T regulatory cells, the FOXP-3 expression in hepatic granuloma using real-time PCR, and the associated splenic cytokines were studied. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed remarkable increase in degenerated ova within hepatic granuloma which decreased in diameter at weeks 8 and 16 PI ($P$<0.01). The percentage of T regulatory cells ($CD4^+$ $CD25^+$) increased significantly ($P$<0.01) in the immunized group compared to the infected control at weeks 8 and 16 PI. The FOXP-3 expression in hepatic granulomas increased from 10 at week 8 to 30 fold at week 16 PI in the infected control group. However, its expression in the immunized group showed an increase from 30 at week 8 to 70 fold at week 16 PI. The splenic cytokine levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, and TNF-${\alpha}$, showed significant decreases ($P$<0.05) compared to the infected control group. In conclusion, the magnitude and phenotype of the egg-induced effects on T helper responses were found to be controlled by a parallel response within the T regulatory population which provides protection in worm parasite-induced immunopathology.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2007

Objective : Although chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is a common disease, it is very difficult to treat effectively. Toosendan fructus(TOF) has been traditionally used in treatment of abdominal pain and parasite. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and action mechanism of Toosendan fructus (TOF) in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and testosterone treatment. Method : Eight-month-old rats were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histophatological profiles. Toosendan fructus(TOF) and testosterone were administered as an experimental specimen and a positive control, respectively. The prostates were evaluated by histopahological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. Also, the prostates were observed by hematological alterations of WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet. Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with Toosendan fructus(TOF) showed a diminished range of the tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in Toosendan fructus(TOF) than that of the control. The epithelio-stromal ratio was lower in Toosendan fructus(TOF) when compared to that of the control. Also, the examination of bloods were not observed hematological change. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Toosendan fructus(TOF) may protect the glandular epithelial cells and may take hematological safety. We concluded that Toosendan fructus(TOF) may could be a useful remedy agents for treating the chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.379-384
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• 2012

Resistance of Plasmodium spp. to anti-malarial drugs is the primary obstacle in the fight against malaria, and molecular markers for the drug resistance have been applied as an adjunct in the surveillance of the resistance. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of mutations in pvmdr1, pvcrt-o, pvdhfr, and pvdhps genes in temperate-zone P. vivax parasites from central China. A total of 26 isolates were selected, including 8 which were previously shown to have a lower susceptibility to chloroquine in vitro. For pvmdr1, pvcrt-o, and pvdhps genes, no resistance-conferring mutations were discovered. However, a highly prevalent (69.2%), single-point mutation (S117N) was found in pvdhfr gene. In addition, tandem repeat polymorphisms existed in pvdhfr and pvdhps genes, which warranted further studies in relation to the parasite resistance to antifolate drugs. The study further suggests that P. vivax populations in central China may still be relatively susceptible to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.