• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2011

Screening of estrogenic activity on dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichloro diphenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and parabens was compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guideline 455 (TG455). The estrogenic activity of DDT was 58,000-fold ($PC_{50}$, $1.67{\times}10^{-6}$ M) less than $17{\beta}$-estradiol($E_2$) ($PC_{50}$, $2.88{\times}10^{-11}$ M) but DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, aldrin, chlordane, lindane and PBDE did not show any estrogenic activity in this assay system. In the case of paraben compounds, the rank of relative transcriptional activation (logRTA) was butyl paraben -1.63752 ($PC_{50}$, $1.25{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > isobutyl paraben -2.34008 ($PC_{50}$, $6.3{\times}10^{-7}$ M) > ethyl paraben -2.64016 ($PC_{50}$, $1.26{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > isopropyl paraben -2.73993 ($PC_{50}$, $1.58{\times}10^{-6}$ M) > propyl paraben -2.84164 ($PC_{50}$, $2.0{\times}10^{-6}$ M). Our data suggest that OECD test guideline TG455 may be useful as a screening tool for potential endocrine disruptors.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.407-412
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• 2014

Objectives: The internal dose of ethyl parabens is important in order to evaluate the risk of this chemical. However, there are little PK model data for parabens to apply this. This experiment attempted PK modeling to ascertain PK values. Methods: Twenty mg/kg ethyl paraben was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats at the same point in time. The rats were sacrificed at times 0, 15, 30 and minutes, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours after oral gavage. Blood and urine were collected and pretreated for analysis. Accuracy, precision and LOD (limit of detection) were calculated for this analysis. Ethyl paraben, detected by HPLC-MS, was applied to PK modeling using Berkeley Madonna. Results: This study showed 100.1-103.7% accuracy, 1.4-3.7% precision and a 1.0 ng/mL limit of detection. Orally administered ethyl paraben reached maximum concentration after 30 minutes of dosing in serum and urine of rats. The concentrations were 2,354 ng/mL in serum and 386,000 ng/mL in urine samples. These peak concentrations were excreted after one hour of intubation over 12 hours. For the pharmacokinetic parameters of ethyl paraben revealed using Berkeley Madonna, the absorption rate was 5.539/hour, the excretion rate was 0.048/hour, the half-life was 14.441 hours and AUC was 481,186 ng hour/mL. Conclusion: Orally administered ethyl paraben was absorbed rapidly in rats and excreted in urine. This chemical, ethyl paraben, accumulated in the body but was excreted over 12 hours after dosing.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2022

Background: Preservatives are used to prevent product deterioration in modeling clay. Parabens, a representative preservative, have been found to be endocrine disruptors and cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. Isothiazolinone preservatives can be irritating to the skin, respiratory tract, and eyes. Thorough investigation and regulation of clay are necessary because clay is marketed to children, who are more sensitive to the toxic effect of chemicals. Objectives: In this study, the presence of 16 preservatives was analyzed in modeling clay and the results were compared with current standards. Methods: A total of 200 samples were collected from 28 children's clay products sold in South Korea (13 from Korea and 15 imported from overseas). Twelve preservatives, such as parabens, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Isothiazolinone preservatives (chloromethylisothiazolinone; CMIT, methylisothiazolinone; MIT, octylisothiazolinone; OIT, and benzisothiazolinone; BIT) were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometery (UPLC-MS/MS). Results: Dehydroacetic acid (DHA) was detected the most in the clays at 51.50% (103 cases) detection; 38 cases (median 190.42 ㎍/g) in Korean products and 65 cases (median 169.62 ㎍/g) in Chinese products. CMIT, which is prohibited in Korea, was detected in 14 (median 16.28 ㎍/g) Chinese products. OIT, which has a chemical structure similar to CMIT was found in 28 (median 68.38 ㎍/g) samples in Korean products. Conclusions: The use of CMIT and MIT in children's products is prohibited in Korea and the European Union (EU). The detection of CMIT in Chinese clay products suggests that management is necessary for imported products. It is necessary to review the safety and regulatory status for OIT because OIT was used as a substitute for CMIT and MIT in Korean products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2006

The use of underarm and body care cosmetics with oestrogenic chemical excipients (particularly the parabens) and the hypothesized association with breast cancer incidence, particularly in women. It is noted that the type of cosmetic product is irrelevant (e.g. antiperspirant/deodorant versus body lotion, moisturizers or sprays versus creams) and attention must focus on issues of actual exposure to chemicals through continued dermal application of body care products and the endocrine/hormonal activity and toxicity of the chemicals in the formulations. To evaluate the estrogenic activities of parabens such as ethylparaben, butylparaben, propylparaben, isobutylparaben and isopropylparaben, we used recombinant yeasts containing the human estrogen receptor [Saccharomyces cerevisiae ER+LYS 8127], human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines and human estrogen receptor ${\alpha}\;and\;{\beta}$. In E-screen assays, isopropylparaben is the most estrogenic paraben, and in ER competition assay, isobutylparaben is the most estrogenic paraben. We evaluated isopropylparaben was most active in the recombinant yeast assay, followed by propylparaben, ethylparaben, isobutylparaben and butylparaben. Results from this study demonstrate that parabens are observed in human endocrine system. Therefore, we have shown that the parabens is induced the estrogenic activities similar to $17{\beta}$-estradiol and Bisphenol-A.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.175-178
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• 2005

Butyl $\rho$-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben, BP) is a homologous series of parabens and is widely used as a preservative in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the estrogenic/antiandrogenic activities of BP in animals. For that, we performed an uterotrophic assay and a Hershberger assay in rats. In uterotrophic assay, BP was administered subcutaneously to immature female SD rats (18 days old) for 3 consecutive days. The wet and dry uterus weights were significantly increased in the groups treated with BP in dose­dependent manner. In case of Hershberger assay, BP significantly reduced the weight of seminal vesicle of castrated rats. And other accessory organ/glands - prostate, Cowper's glands, bulbocavernosus muscle and glans penis were also slightly decreased. The results of this study suggested that BP showed estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities in vivo.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2002

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP) and imidazolidinyl urea(IU) or diazolidinyl urea(DU) in cosmetics was studied by using a cyano-propyl column and 0.05M hexanesulfonic acid at 228 nm. Calibration curves were found to be linear in the 60-1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL range (parabens), 100-1,250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL range (IU) and the 120-2000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL range (DU). Linear regression analysis of the data demonstrates the efficacy of the method in terms of precision and accuracy. An extraction method is developed and validated in order to apply this chromatographic method to a commercial cosmetic cream. The precision of this method, calculated as the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the recoveries (0.46-2.71％) was excellent for all compounds.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2018

In recent years, parabens used as preservatives in cosmetics have become a problem of human safety. Therefore, in this study, we tried to evaluate the preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,2-pentanediol as a preservative system to replace parabens. 1,3-Butylene glycol was added to cosmetic creams at a concentration of between 5 and 25%. The preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol was determined using a M-3 challenge test, as recommended by the Personal Care Products Council (formally CTFA). The alkane diols, such as 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-pentanediol, were assessed in a similar manner. An evaluation of the preservative efficacy of 1,3-butylene glycol revealed that it was effective against all tested microbial strains at a concentration of 25%. We also investigated the efficacy of combinations of 0.3% phenoxyethanol and 0.1% ethylhexylglycerin. Finally, we tested the alkane diols, including 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-pentanediol, as an alternative to the preservative 0.3% phenoxyethanol. Both 1% 1,2-hexanediol and 1% 1,2-pentanediol demonstrated preservative efficacy. Taken together, our study demonstrated that the formulation of 25% 1,3-butylene glycol and 0.1% ethylhexylglycerin, 1% 1,2-hexanediol, and 1% 1,2-pentanediol had the best preservative efficacy of the compositions tested. Thus, this study suggests that the formulation is a possibility of substituting parabens preservatives, which has been used in cosmetics and has become a safety issue.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

Quantitative HPLC analysis for the determination of in herbal liquid preparations was improved from the general test method besides the Korean Pharmacopeia. Good chromatographic separation of samples containing parabens, interferences, and other pharmaceutical excipients was effectively achieved by using acetonitrile water (containing 1% glacial acetic acid) mixture (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase. To monitor preservatives (benzoic acid, parabens, sorbic acid, dehydroacetic acid, and their salts) in herbal liquid preparations, a group of 47 samples was divided into two different group: preservative labeled group and unlabeled group. From the results, the contents of preservatives in 31 samples of preservative labeled group fell under KFDA regulations, and the contents of dehydroacetic acid in 6 samples of preservative labeled group were not followed by KFDA regulations. Preservatives were detected in 3 samples out of 10 samples in preservative unlabeled group.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.219-227
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine 10 preservatives (benzyl alcohol (BAl), phenoxyethanol (PE), benzoic acid (BA), sorbic acid (SA), methyl paraben (MP), ethyl paraben (EP), propyl paraben (PP), isopropyl paraben (IPP), butyl paraben (BP), isobutyl paraben (IBP)) levels in 125 cosmetics (n = 125) for children by the simultaneous analysis of HPLC. The detection ranges were as follows; 0.01 ~ 0.91% (n = 35) for PE, 0.01 ~ 0.48% (n = 28) for BA, 0.01 ~ 0.78% (n = 9) for BAl, 0.01 ~ 0.11% (n = 3) for SA, 0.04 ~ 0.21% (n = 8) for MP, 0.02 ~ 0.09% (n = 8) for PP, and 0.04% (n = 1) for EP. The order of detection rates was cleanser (63%) > cream (48%) > sunscreen (46%) > lotion (38%) > oil (13%). At least one of target preservatives was contained in 50% (63/125) of samples and the content of the detected preservatives was within maximum allowed amount established by KFDA. Phenoxyethanol and benzoic acid were used more frequently than paraoxybenzoate esters (parabens) in cosmetics for children and the detected parabens was mainly the mixture of methyl paraben and propyl paraben.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2022

The frequent detection and occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in aquatic ecosystems has raised public health concerns worldwide. In this study, the behavior of 50 MPs was investigated in three different domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the geographical and seasonal variation of MPs in the WWTPs. The results showed that the concentrations of 43 MPs ranged from less than 0.1 to 237.6 ㎍ L^-1, while other seven MPs including 17-ethynylestradiol, 17-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, clofibric acid, simvastatin, and lovastatin were not detected in all WWTPs. Among the detected MPs, the pharmaceuticals such as metformin, acetaminophen, naproxen, and caffeine were prominent with maximum concentrations of 133.4, 237.6, 71.5, and 107.7 ㎍ L^-1, respectively. Most perfluorinated compounds and nitrosamines were found at trace levels of 1.2 to 55.3 ng L^-1, while the concentration of corrosion inhibitors, preservatives (parabens), and endocrine disruptors ranged from less than 0.1 to 4310.8 ng L^-1. Regardless of the type of biological treatment process such as MLE, A2O, and MBR, the majority of pharmaceuticals (except lincomycin, diclofenac, iopromide, and carbamazepine), parabens (except Methyl paraben), and endocrine disruptors were removed by more than 80%. However, the removal efficiencies of certain MPs such as atrazine, DEET, perfluorinated compounds (except PFHxA), nitrosamines, and corrosion inhibitors were relatively low or their concentration even increased after treatment. The results of statistical analysis reveal that there is no significant geographical difference in the removal efficacy of MPs, but there are temporal seasonal variations in all WWTPs.