• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.183-187
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• 2006

This study carried out to analize quality in the evaluation based on the grades such as raw ginseng and red ginseng between Korean (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L). American ginseng was small in root length, root diameter and root weight and emergence many secondary root from rhizome and main root. Therefore body form was bad compared with Korean ginseng. As for yield of dry, Korean ginseng was 30.4 % and American ginseng was 33.8% but as for yield, Korean ginseng was 80.4% and American ginseng was 72.2%. There were as many Korean ginseng in raw ginseng first grade by about twice compared with American ginseng. However there were many American ginseng in second grade. On the other hand, Korean ginseng producted high Chunsam compared with American ginseng. The cause of decreasing quality was inside cavity and inside white in Korean and American ginseng. Especially, the inside white occurrence about 3 times compared with inside cavity in American ginseng. In the case of distribution of weight size, Korean ginseng was much above 20Ji but American ginseng was much under 20Ji.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2003

The current study was performed to observe the effects of Panax ginseng (PG) and P. quinquefolia (PQ) on hemodynamics such as blood flow rate (BF), blood flow velocity (BV), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, and body temperature (BT) in healthy young men. After testing equality of variance, Student's t-test using PROC TTEST was examined to. prove statistical differences between control and ginseng conditions at each time point. It was found that the BF data were fluctuated by personal deviation. In order to minimize the deviation, the results obtained for 6 hrs were reconstituted after dividing them into two periods of the first half from 1 to 3 hrs and of the latter half from 3.5 to 6 hrs. And then the reconstitution data and dose-response curves were obtained. Blood flow such as BF and BV shows significant increases both two periods in the dose of PG 2.25 and PG 9.0, whereas significant decrease in the dose of PG 4.5. However, in the PQ groups, the middle dose PQ 4.5 shows the highest significant increase among the three doses. Except for PG 2.25 in HR, other doses show significant decreases both in the first half and latter half. SBP of PQ 9.0 shows only a significant decrease in the first half; on the other hand, in the latter half, PG 4.5, PG 9.0 and PQ 9.0 significantly increase SBP. In addition, DBP of PG 2.25 and PG 4.5 show significant increase in the both periods. In the BT, PQ groups show gradual decrease from PQ 2.25 to PQ 9.0; however, PG groups show differently. PG 4.5 shows significant decrease, but PG 9.0 shows a increase without statistical meanings. In summary, PG is more effective in respect to keeping homeostasis of hemodynamics.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.40-56
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• 1995

During the past two decades, China has seen her great progress in plant biotechnology. Since the Chinese market of herb medicine is huge, while the plant resources are shrinking, particular emphasis has been placed in plant tissue and cell cultures of medicinal plants, this includes fast propagation, protoplast isolation and regeneration, cell suspension cultures and large scale fermentation. To optimize culture conditions for producing secondary compounds in vitro, various media, additives and elicitors have been tested. Successful examples of large scale culture for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis are quite limited : Lithospermum ery throrhizon and Arnebia euchroma for shikonin derivatives, Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolium for saponins, and a few other medicinal plants. Recent development of genetic transformation systems of plant cells offered a new approach to in vitro production of secondary compounds. Hairy root induction and cultures, by using Ri-plasmid, have been reported from a number of medicinal plant species, such as Artemisia annua that produces little artemisinin in normal cultured cells, and from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. In the coming five years, Chinese scientists will continue their work on large scale cell cultures of a few of selected plant species, including Taxus spp. and A. annua, for the production of secondary metabolites with medicinal interests, one or two groups of scientists will be engaged in molecular cloning of the key enzymes in plant secondary metabolism.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 1998

American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) of various ages were harvested every two weeks during each of three growing seasons and dry matter yield of components and root respiration determined. Shoot dry weight was about 0.5 g, 2.5 g and 4 g for 2, 3 and 4-year-old plants, respectively and fruit dry weight was as much as 50% of this in 3- and 4-year-.old plants. Root dry weight decrease by 30~50% as shoots emerged and at the end of the season was about 2 g, 3.5 g and 5 g in 2, 3, 4 and 5-year-old plants, respectively. Shoot and root dry weight were linearly related with an approximate 1:2 ratio. Root respiration rate at 2$0^{\circ}C$ in the dark was about 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW(dry weight) min-1 in the early season, then doubled within 50 days as shoots emerged, and thereafter declined over the season to 2~5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW min-1. The Q10 for dark respiration over the interval from 10 to 2$0^{\circ}C$ was 1.58. Root respiration rate and shoot growth rate was positively linearly related in all ages of plants. Key words: Dry weight, partitioning.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.3 s.55
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• pp.148-163
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• 1999

The efficacy of three auxins, viz. 2,4-0, NAA and dicamba, were compared for the induction of somatic embryogenesis in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). Somatic embryos (SEs) formed on ginseng cotyledonary, zygotic embryo and shoot explants after 8 weeks of induction by the auxin stimuli. Significantly more somatic embryos were induced by culture of any of the ginseng explants on media supplemented with $5{\mu}M$ 2,4-0 than any other auxin treatment. Shoots derived from somatic embryos had the greatest regenerative potential and zygotic embryos the least. Explants generated from green (unstratified) seeds gave similar or higher frequency of embryogenesis as the explants derived from stratified seeds. Histological and SEM studies confirmed that the regenerimts were somatic embryos. Somatic embryos germinated and developed into normal plants in $3\~6$ months. About $10\%$ of plantlets from second generation SEs formed flowers within 10 weeks, particularly on media supplemented with $GA_3$ The development of a regeneration system for ginseng through somatic embryogenesis is a necessary first step for mass propagation and genetic improvement of American ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.191-195
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• 2004

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of embryonic tissue development among Korean Ginseng, American ginseng, $F_{1}$ hybrids and $BC_{1}F_{1}(F_{1}$ pollen back cross to $BC_{1}=Korean\;Ginseng)seeds$. The specific activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and the protein assays were made during the above embry­onic growth period at 5 or 25 degree C. The results are summarized as follows: The fresh weights(mg) of germinating seeds were significantly different among species. Ginseng seeds were stratified at $5^{\circ}C\;for\;60\;days$ the ratios of embryo/endosperms in $P.g.,\;P.q\;or\;F_{1}\;were\;about\;90{\%}$. The ratio was in $BC_{1}F_{1},\;79.2{\%}$ during the same period. The ratios of embryo/endosperms of seeds of P.g. or P.q. germinated at $5^{\circ}C$ showed rather higher values as compared to that at $25^{\circ}C$ LOX specific activity the highest in the $F_{1}$ and decreased in the order of P.g., P.q., and $BC_{1}F_{1}$. The highest LOX specific activity was shown at 80 days after sowing, followed by 70 days sowing, the least LOX activity was shown at 60 days.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.229-233
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• 2006

Comparison of the grade of raw ginseng and that of red ginseng was investigated. The materials used in this study were Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium L.) Coefficient of body term, length of main stem and weight of raw ginseng were used as the classifying criteria of the root size and grades. Korean ginseng distinguished the distribution of weight size from that of American ginseng. Korean ginseng distributed largely in middle and large root size, and American ginseng distributed largely in middle and small root size. American ginseng had shorter length of main root, bigger diameter of main root and more number of adventitious roots than Korean ginseng. The quality of Korean ginseng was better than that of American ginseng. In Korean ginseng, high quality of red ginseng above second grade (Jisam) was obtained, but low quality of red ginseng under third grade (Yangsam) in American ginseng. In Korean raw ginseng, the coefficients of body form of middle weight and large weight size were under 0.5, but those of American ginseng was over 0.5. So American ginseng were not adequate to produce good red ginseng. Those factors as length of main root and weight of main root were not significantly influenced on the qualify of red ginseng in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng. Coefficient of body form was leading factor affecting the quality of red ginseng. To improve the quality of red ginseng, coefficient of body form, weight of main root and length of main root were controlled adequately in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.185-189
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• 2015

In this study, the clinical safety and toxicology of oral ingestion of supplement capsules containing ginseng radix was investigated in healthy young volunteers. This study was a pilot randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled trial. The healthy volunteers were divided into 6 groups of 20 each (10 males and 10 females). They took the ginseng powder for 35 days (3g/day) for safety evaluation. There were measured general healthy levels such as hematological, biochemical and electrocardiographic parameters. After the first week, besides Korean white ginseng the other treatments led to an significant increase of white blood cells. Korean red ginseng increased UREA (blood urea nitrogen) in healthy volunteers, but it didn't exceed the range of normal values, and in the subsequent process of treatment there is no effect of elevating UREA. After the three weeks, Korean white ginseng showed relatively low the content of blood glucose and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. After the five weeks, compared with the other treatments, Korean red ginseng increased white blood cells, platelet distribution width and average volume of platelet. Korean white ginseng decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. American ginseng decreased blood creatinine in healthy volunteers. In conclusion, through test the blood routine, urine routine, liver function, renal function, blood glucose, blood lipid and electrocardiogram, the healthy volunteers continuous taking ginseng for 35 days (3 g/day) is safe and reliable, and have no obvious adverse reactions and side effects.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.49-55
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• 1984

Dormant one-year-old ginseng roots were subjected to a range of stratification temperatures and time to define effective limits to these parameters and to quantify their effect on terminating dormancy. Effective storage temperatures tested ranged from $0^{\circ}C\;to\;9^{\circ}C.$ A low percentage of roots produced tops with as few as 30 days in stratification; however, 75 to 90 days were required for 100 percent emergence. Days to emergence, after planting, decreased with increased days in storage thru the maximum storage time of 120 days. The number of days of dormancy was relatively constant, near 126.5 days, over the range of effective temperatures and acceptable storage times. The minimum period of dormancy was associated with 75 days in storage at $3^{\circ}C.$ Root growth rate, after emergence, was greatest following 105 days of stratification. The frequency distribution of emergence with days in stratification suggests the potential of selecting for strains of ginseng with low chilling needs for satisfying dormancy requirements.