• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 1995

The content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species were analyzed according to their species, region and processing type of red and white ginseng. The species employed were Korean-, Chinese-, Japanese red ginsengs, and Korean white ginseng of Panax ginseng, American- and Canadian ginsengs of Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoinseng. Twelve main saponin components in the ginseng were identified and quantified using TLC and HPLC. All three species had remarkably different content and composition. However, within each species they were similar. Twelve major ginsenosides were determined in P. ginseng, eight in p. quinquefolium, and six in P. notoginseng. Of the components of P ginseng Rf, $Rh_1$, $Rh_2$ and Ra were not detected in P quinquefolium, and $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, $Rh_2$, Ra and Ro not detected in P. notoinseam. Crude saponin content and protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol saponin ratio were compared. They were 4.81~5.24% and 1.27~ 1.45 in p. ginsengs, 7.01~7.25% and 2.12~ 2.15 in p. quinquefolium, 9.80% and 0.99 in P. notoineng. The prosapogenin and sapogenin content were different among the Panax species.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-147
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• 1993

The amounts of ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) in red ginseng (Panax ginseng) were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, there is no difference in the GAP amount among root ages or sizes. Also, the GAP amount of red ginseng body was similar to that of ginseng rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.862-866
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyze aroma pattern of Panax species (Korean Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Chinese Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L, and Panax notoginseng F.H. Chen) by the PHGC (potable handheld gas chromatograph). Ratios of several peak areas in chromatogram of derivative parrtern were as follows. If ratio of Korean Panax ginseng was 1, Panax notoginseng was $0.030{\sim}0.674$, Chinese Panax ginseng was $0.005{\sim}0.212$ and panax quinquefolium was $0.241{\sim}0.871$. Ratios of peak area at $Rt_{20.02}$ were that if Korean panax ginseng was 1, Chinese Panax ginseng was 0.212, Panax quinquefolium was 0.343 and Panax notoginseng was 0.065. Ratios also of peak area at $Rt_{21.70}\;and\;Rt_{24.90}$ showed clear difference among aroma patterns of Panax specie cultivars. Flavor component at $Rt_{26.15}$ was not detected in Panax quinquefolium and Panax notoginseng but in Korean Panax ginseng and Chinese Panax ginseng. Ratios of peak area at $Rt_{26.15}$ were that if Korean Panax ginseng was 1, Chinese Panax ginseng was 0.185. And so habitat of Panax species cultivars was discriminated. Cultivar and habitat of dried panax species was remarkably distinguised by the chromatogram of frequency pattern, derivative pattern and visual pattern using olfactory images known as Vapor $print^{TM}$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.354-365
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• 2024

Panax species include Panax ginseng Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L., Panax notoginseng, Panax japonicum, Panax trifolium, and Panax pseudoginseng, which contain bioactive components (BCs) such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides. Recently, growing evidence has revealed the pharmacological effects of Panax species and their BCs on allergic airway diseases (AADs), including allergic asthma (AA) and allergic rhinitis (AR). AADs are characterized by damaged epithelium, sustained acquired immune responses with enforced Th2 responses, allergenspecific IgE production, and enhanced production of histamine and leukotrienes by activated mast cells and basophils. In this review, we summarize how Panax species and their BCs modulate acquired immune responses involving interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, reduce the pro-inflammatory responses of epithelial cells, and reduce allergenic responses from basophils and mast cells in vitro. In addition, we highlight the current understanding of the alleviative effects of Panax species and their BCs against AA and AR in vivo. Moreover, we discuss the unmet needs of research and considerations for the treatment of patients to provide basic scientific knowledge for the treatment of AADs using Panax species and their BCs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1996

Chemical components of Panax (P) species were compared. p. species used were Korean white ginseng, Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng (P ginseng), American and Canadian ginseng (P. quinquefolium) , and sanchl ginseng (P. notoginseng). No significant difference in the proximate contents was observed among P. species. Ash, crude lipld and total sugar contents in root of P. notoginseng were found to be relatively lower than those of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium, but the contents of crude protein and crude fiber were similar among those ginsengs. Mineral nutrient con tents showed a little difference among ginseng species. Total nitrogen contents were slightly higher in P. ginseng than P. quinquefolium and P. notoginseng and Fe and Cu were lower in Chinese and Japanese red ginsengs. Kinds and compositions of amino acids were similar but contents of amino acids were different among ginseng species. Total amino acid contents were 76.3∼83.9 mg/g in P. ginseng 53.8∼60.4 mg/g in p. quinquefolium and 54.9 mg/g in P notoginseng. Free sugar contents were lower in P. notoginseng than P. ginseng or P. quinquefolium. Sucrose accounted for 90∼92% of total free sugar contents with relatively high content in white ginsengs, while sucrose and maltose were 32-36% and 55∼60%, respectively, in red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 1998

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of growth and morphological characters among the Korean (Panax. ginseng), the American (Panax. quinquefolium) and the Bamboo (Panax. japonicus) ginseng. In aerial parts growth of the ginseng species by age, The Korean ginseng and American ginseng's stem and leaf growth was alike in 2-4 years old, but growth cycle changed in 6 years old. The Korean ginseng was more vigorous than the American ginseng. The Korean ginseng roots were highly observed in ratio of red skin roots among three species, whereas The American ginseng roots were highly infected by root rot. It seems to be variable depending on growing stage and species. The Korean ginseng flowered about the middle of May, the American ginseng early June, and the Bamboo ginseng was late of May, The berry color of the ginseng species was observed, The Korean and American ginseng's mature berry color was red, The Bamboo ginseng's berry was three type of color and shape. In root characteristics of the seedling, Korean (p. ginseng), American (p. quinquefolium) ginseng's root shape was similarity in type, the bamboo ginseng showed different type, which root length and root weight was smaller than those of ginseng. In morphological characters of Leaf surface, pollen, and stoma, the Korean ginseng and American ginseng had crystal rosette on epidermis cell, but the Bamboo ginseng didn't has crystal rosette. Pollen shape observed tricolpate pollen and size was media type among the ginseng species, and also guard cell was anomocytic type, which were observed by scanning electronic microscope.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2014

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) are widely used medicinal plants with similar morphology but different medicinal efficacy. Roots, flowers, and processed products of Korean and American ginseng can be difficult to differentiate from each other, leading to illegal trade in which one species is sold as the other. This study was carried out to develop convenient and reliable chloroplast genome-derived DNA markers for authentication of Korean and American ginseng in commercial processed products. One codominant marker could reproducibly identify both species and intentional mixtures of the two species. We further developed a set of species-unique dominant DNA markers. Each species-specific dominant marker could detect 1% cross contamination with other species by low resolution agarose gel electrophoresis or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Both markers were successfully applied to evaluate the original species from various processed ginseng products purchased from markets in Korea and China. We believe that high-throughput application of this marker system will eradicate illegal trade and promote confident marketing for both species to increase the value of Korean as well as American ginseng in Korea and worldwide.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 1995

This study was carried out to compare the root yields, root characters, saponin and ginsenosides contents of 6-year-old p. ginseng and p. quinquefolium. These two ginseng species showed difference in the diameter and ten비h of mainroot. The main root length or p. quinquefolium was shorter than that of p. ginseng, whereas Jakyung-jong and Hwangsook-jong of P. ginseng showed similar root length. Proximate composition were similar between the two species, however, crude fibercontent was significantly higher in main and lateral root of Jakyung-jong and Hwang sook-jong of P ginseng than P quinquefolium. In regard to mineral contents of root, P ginseng contained more Ca and Mn and less Fe and Al than P. quinquefolium. P. quinquefolium contained more of Rbl and Rd of protopanaxadiol saponin, and less or Re, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$ of protopanaxatriol saponin than P ginseng. However, no Rf was detected in the p. quinquefolium. Key words Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, ginseng character, ginsenoside.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 1984

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information on the development of flower bud and to clarify the characteristics of flower organ and flowering in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). The formation of flower bud in the dormancy bud of Korean ginseng was initiated about the middle of June and completed late in September. The ovary, style and anther of Panax ginseng, violet-stem and yellow-berry variants, were formed earlier than those of Panax quinquefolium. Panax ginseng, therefore, flowered earlier by one month in comparison with Panax quinquefolium. As for the effect of temperature on the flowering of ginseng, both species, Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium, grown at 20 $^{\circ}C$ flowered earlier than those at 15 $^{\circ}C$ and field conditions, but did not flower at 30 $^{\circ}C$. Seed characters were better in Panax ginseng than in Panax quinquefolium and the amount of seeds showed the highly significant positive correlation coefficient with peduncle length in both Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2017

Background: Both Panax ginseng Meyer and Panax quinquefolius are obligate shade-loving plants whose natural habitats are broadleaved forests of Eastern Asia and North America. Panax species are easily damaged by photoinhibition when they are exposed to high temperatures or insufficient shade. In this study, a cytohistological study of the leaf structures of two of the most well-known Panax species was performed to better understand the physiological processes that limit photosynthesis. Methods: Leaves of ginseng plants grown in soil and hydroponic culture were sectioned for analysis. Leaf structures of both Panax species were observed using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Results: The mesostructure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius frequently had one layer of non-cylindrical palisade cells and three or four layers of spongy parenchymal cells. P. quinquefolius contained a similar number of stomata in the abaxial leaf surface but more tightly appressed enlarged grana stacks than P. ginseng contained. The adaxial surface of the epidermis in P. quinquefolius showed cuticle ridges with a pattern similar to that of P. ginseng. Conclusion: The anatomical leaf structure of both P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius shows that they are typical shade-loving sciophytes. Slight differences in chloroplast structure suggests that the two different species can be authenticated using transmission electron microscopy images, and light-resistant cultivar breeding can be performed via controlling photosynthesis efficiency.