• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.195-211
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• 2021

This paper measures the economic impacts of the U.S. port investment strategies coping with the Panama Canal expansion. Using secondary import data, negative and positive estimates of the impacts were presented in this study. Reduced port activities into the West Coast Customs Districts negatively affect transportation and warehousing industries, among other effects. Still, they have simultaneous positive effects in other states from increased imports resulting from modal shifts and changes in the entry port located in the South and East coasts. This study applied the supply-driven National Interstate Economic Model that measures all interstate trade among the U.S. states to divert foreign imports from 15 Pacific Rim countries. For this purpose, the following assumption was adopted: larger ships using the canal will lead to a redirection of seaborne trade among U.S. (and other) ports and result in secondary effects, e.g., using different freight modes and regional growth spillovers. This study also accounted for the entry point change and significant port investments for foreign trade under alternative scenarios. The choice of ports for international trade depends on decisions about how to minimize multimodal delivery costs. The total direct reduction of transportation and warehousing activities associated with foreign imports in the West Coast ports was estimated at $3.3 billion, leading to total negative effects of $5.8 billion. Total positive impacts from the shift of transportation modes with the choice of an entry port and new warehousing activities for foreign imports in the selected 12 states varied. As expected, states that involved an entry port had the most prominent benefits, but Texas, New York, and New Jersey may be benefited through all the port enhancement projects in the U.S. Also, except for Transportation and Postal, and Warehousing industries, Construction is another dominant positive affected industry of the Canal expansion in the U.S.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2005

In this paper we consider the security of recently proposed software-orienred stram cipher HELIX, SCREAM, MUGI, and PANAMA against algebraic attacks. Algebraic attack is a key recovery attack by solving an over-defined system of multi-variate equations with input-output pairs of an algorithm. The attack was firstly applied to block ciphers with some algebraic properties and then it has been mon usefully applied to stream ciphers. However it is difficult to obtain over-defined algebraic equations for a given cryptosystem in general. Here we analyze recently proposed software-oriented stream ciphers by constructing a system of equations for each cipher. furthermore we propose three design considerations of software-oriented stream ciphers.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.329-333
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• 2003

Influenzavirus were isolated from patients with acute respiratory infections in Busan during 2000-2002 and characterized their antigenic properties. In 2000, 39 viruses were isolated and they were identified as Influenzavirus. Among the isolated influenzavirus, 23 were A type influenzavirus and 16 were B type influenzavirus. As a result of antigenic characterization, the influenzavirus were determined to A/Sydney/05/97 (H3N2)-like, A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like, and B/Harbin/07/94-like virus. In 2001, 56 viruses were isolated and all of the viruses were identified as influenzavirus. They were A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2)-like and A/Newcaledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virus In 2002, 114 Influenzaviruses were isolated. Among the isolated influenzavirus, 83 were A type influenzaviruses, and 31 were B type influenzaviruses. They were A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2)-like, A/Newcaledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like and B/Beijing/243/97, B/Honkong/22/2001, B/Sichuam/379/99-like virus when determined their antigenic properties. These results may be useful for the establishment of reliable epidemic data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.54-63
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• 2004

There are two principal routes for the Asia-North America containerized cargo, that of Asia-West Coast and Asia-East Coast. On the West Coast, the Asia-Los Angeles, dominate the commerce, whereas on the Asia-East Coast it's the Panama Canal. Each of these routes has different characteristics. All are similar in that each is the door to the commerce of containerized cargo originating in Asia; each combines maritime and overland transportation; each has important intermodal connections and is able to distribute cargo throughout the West and East Coasts of the United States. Each route also has its port of preference that has the necessary infrastructure, equipment and intermodal connections. For example, in the case of the Port of Los Angeles, in spite of some of its advantages, it has several serious problems due to the interminable containerized cargo traffic that must be solved rapidly and satisfactorily in order to progress. In this paper, we would like to show the problems of two main routes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.164-180
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• 2012

This study focuses on the hats in the advertisements of the newspapers from the Greater Korean Empire to the Time of Independence. There were Yeomo(禮帽), Jungsanmoja(中山帽子), Jungjeolmoja(中折帽子), Women's hat, Undongmoja(運動帽子), and Hakdomoja(學徒帽子) from 1897 to the 1900s. The names of the hats were written with Chinese characters as there was no specific name for women's hats. There were a lot of hats in the 1910s; Jungjeolmoja, Jungsanmoja, Hukyeomoja(黑禮帽子), Panama, Doriuchi(鳥打;とり-うち), Maggomo(麥程帽), Ilkyomoja(一交字帽), cheongyeonmo(靑年帽), Jajacheongyeonmo(刺子靑年帽), Hakaaksangmo(學生帽), Undongmo, Laparyunmoja, Banghanmo(防寒帽), Mokchulmo(目出帽), Pungbangi(風防耳), Nambaui, and Pungdongi(風憧耳). Most of the hats were western hats for men. From the 1920s to 1930s, the hats were classified as to the shape and uses as compared to before that period. The hats were advertised in the newspapers such as Jungjeolmoja, Jungsanmoja, Panama, Doriuchimo, Maggomo, Ilkyomoja, cheongyeonmo, Jajacheongyeonmo, Hakaaksangmo, Undongmo, Banghanmo, Mokchulmo(目出帽), Adongmokchulmo(兒童目出帽), Pungdongi, and Pungchasamsangun(風遮三山巾). There is little information about hats from the late 1930s to the time of independence because of the censorship of the press. The hats during that period were almost the same as the before that time. There was a new name of a cap, Jeontumoja(戰鬪帽子) which was for a soldier. The hats in that period were one of the westernized items with shoes before the westernization of the Korean costume under Japanese imperialism. Furthermore, the western hats could be spread by the men who were in the center of the society. On the other hand, women's western hats were not common because women had rarely worn them before that period. They just wore traditional winter caps steadily.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.260-265
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• 2005

Purpose : During epidemics, influenza induces a high mortality and morbidity, and when influenza is prevalent, it is revealed by increased pneumonia, hospitalization due to influenza-like illness, and mortality in community. We aimed at the isolation of influenza virus and prevalence period in Busan from 2000 to 2002. Methods : For 3 years from 2000 to 2002, we analyzed the patterns of influenza virus, the occurrence distribution of influenza by age and sex and the prevalence period after cultivating the examined materials from throat smears and snivel, collected from patients in St. Benedict Hospital Pediatrics Department, from 10 monitoring hospitals, and from 16 public health centers. Results : For three years, a total of 209 strains of influenza virus were isolated. In 2000, there were A/sydney/05/97(H3N2)-like, A/Beijing/262/95(H1N1)-like and B/Harbin/07/94-like. In 2001, there were A/Panama/2007/99(H3N2)-like and A/Newcaledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like. In 2002, there were A/Panama/2007/99(H3N2)-like, A/Newcaledonia/20/99(H1N1)-like, B/Beijing/243/97, B/Honkong/22/2001 and B/Sichuam/379/99. The occurrence distribution by sexes were 14 males and 25 females in 2000, 23 males and 33 females in 2001, 57 males and 57 females in 2002. As for the occurrence distribution by ages, 0-10 years made up 48.4 percent in 2000, 11-20 years 33.93 percent in 2001, and below 10 years was 64.91 percent in 2002. As for the occurrence distribution by month, the rate was once high in January and somewhat high in April and by June, when there happened to be various viruses, though there was a low rate in 2000. On the other hand, the virus was concentrated in February and March in 2001. And in 2002, it happened high twice, in March and November. Conclusion : Influenza virus revealed frequent antigenic changes and infect children, especially those below 10 years of age from late fall to early spring. So we should consider appropriate prevention in children.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.289-297
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• 2014

The taxonomic status and the distribution of Rosenvingea species need attention because of the difficulties in morphological identification in the laboratory as well as in the field. We analyzed mitochondrial cox3 and plastid psaA gene sequences from Rosenvingea species from Vietnam, Mexico and Panama in combination with morphological examinations. Our results confirmed the occurrence of R. intricata and R. orientalis in Vietnam. R. intricata formed dense decumbent mats with many flat branches, often inter-adhesive, and was up to 5 cm in diameter. R. orientalis thalli were up to 18 cm long with narrow (less than 2 mm in width) tubular to compressed fronds. Both cox3 and psaA phylogenies revealed the non-monophyly of the genus Rosenvingea, as reported previously for other scytosiphonacean genera.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.96-100
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• 2003

For moving cargo between the North Pacific region and Northern European ports, the Northern Sea Route, along Russia's coastline, is 35-60％ shorter than the traditionally used routes through the Suez or Panama Canals. in addition to its shorter distance, there exist extensive ports und shipping infrastructure, and the potential for developing new markets in Russia and other northern countries including Korea and Japan. These incentives attracted considerable attention from the international shipping and shipbuilding industries and have formed a cooperative international research program, called as the International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) This paper is a general compilation of the historical usage, recent trade developments, the physical environment, and the practical considerations that may shape future operational mode of shipping in the NSR based on results from INSROP reports. This study focuses mainly on an operation of commercial icebreaking cargo vessels that may be utilized along the NSR.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.577-581
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• 1997

Species diversity of subcortical arthropod communities were assessed in two tropical regions and two temperate regions. In the tropics, communities of subcortical arthropods were more diverse in La Selva, Costa Rica, than on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Costa Rican communties yielses higher values of both Shannon and Simpson diversity indices than Panamanian communities. Compared to Panamanian communities, Costa Rican ones supported higher measures of both species richness and evenness. Between the two temperate regions, communities of subcortical arthropods in Korea scored consistently higher values of both Shannon and Simpson indices than the ones in eastern Massachusetts, U.S.A. When individual diversity components were compared, however, Korean communities yielded exceptionally high evenness measures but lower species richness than the communities in the U.S.A. Unusually high evenness values of Korean subcortical arthropods were due to extremely low population densities of all component species.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.109-134
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• 2011

Drug-related crime has increased in spite of visible results of Uribe government's hard-line policies on drug eradication and illegally armed organizations which were pursued under U.S. support, without the accompaniment of quantity change in drug cultivation and trade. Military disputes of left-right illegally armed communities surrounding illegal crop cultivation rights were rather intensified, and the number of refugees was increased through enforced displaced people. The 2005 refugee registration committee RUPD reports that 3,316,862 people, 7.3% of total population, were refugees. In particular, the number of refugees presented a large increase rate of 624% when compared to the past year due to enforced displaced people. Main discharge areas of enforced displaced people are connected with drug crime and activities of illegally armed organizations, and are places of increased armed disputes in the process of occupied territory expansion of illegally armed communities and militia. Undiscriminated attacks were executed on farmers in the process of occupation of illegal crop cultivation sites by illegally armed organization and militia to emit enforced displaced people, who moved to border areas by crossing national borders. Enforced displaced people were restricted to certain areas before the appearance of Uribe administration. However, enforced displaced people not only presented quantitative expansion, but also showed tendency of nationwide expansion after national security policy was pursued. With the closing of the Amazon area, previously the main route of drug trade, activity base of illegally armed organizations was moved to the Pacific region, and Panama border area experienced refugee increase due to the new policy of enforced displaced people. This study aims to understand the actual condition and cause for the increase in refugees in Colombia based on border areas of Venezuela, which is the nation of highest dispersion of Columbian refugees, Panama, which has appeared as a new destination for refugees after the 90s, and Ecuador, which has experienced sudden refugee increase in 2000.