• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표회 제16권2호
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• pp.269-272
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• 2004

After concrete casts, temperature decent and shrinkage bring volume changes of concrete pavement. Microcracking and cracking in concrete pavement are caused by these volume changes. As a result, durability of concrete pavement is deteriorated. Recently, Very-Early Strength Latex Modified concrete(below:VESLMC) from the beginning of High-Way is used as urgent repair material for bridge deck. The advantage of VESLMC is that compressive and flexural strength at 3 hours age are 4.5MPa and 21MPa respectively. It allows the traffic to open in 3 hours. But, this material has the problem which is early-age shrinkage cracking caused by water self-dissipation with rapid hydration reaction and water evaporation with body dry. Unfortunately, until now, the research about early-age shrinkage of VESLMC leaves something to be desired. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present the early-age shrinkage of VESLMC respect to latex contents and shrinkage ratio to maximum length change that can help field engineers' skill. Latex contents of 0, 5, 10, 15, $20\%$ in standard of same workability in VESLMC are selected by experimental variables. After initial set, shrinkage value was measured with 10mm LVDT for 3 days. The results of maximum shrinkage ratio were 0.019, 0.017, 0.023, $0.027\%$ respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.454-458
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• 2002

목 적 : BCG접종 후에 소속 림프절에 발생하는 화농성 림프절염은 비교적 심각한 부작용 중 가장 흔하다. 대부분 치료를 하지 않더라도 결국은 퇴행되지만, 보통 몇 주 또는 몇 개월 동안 배농이 지속되어 매우 불편하고, 상당한 예에서 궤양으로 남게된다. Pan American Health Organization은 isoniazid 또는 rifampicin 국소 주입을 권장하였다. 이에 저자들은 BCG접종 후에 발생한 화농성 림프절염을 rifampicin 국소 주입으로 치료한 경험을 보고하고자 한다. 방 법 : 최근 3년간 대한결핵협회 결핵연구원 및 본원에서 BCG에 의한 림프절염으로 진단된 영아를 대상으로 하였다. BCG 림프절염은 동측의 액와부 또는 쇄골상부에 생긴 림프절염으로, BCG 접종 외에는 림프절염의 다른 원인이 없을 때 진단하였다. 화농하지 않고 림프절이 커져 있는 경우에는 자연 소실될 가능성이 있으므로 경과를 관찰하다가, 화농하면 자연적으로 파열되기 전에 주사기로 림프절을 흡인하고 rifampicin을 국소 주입하였다. 결 과 : BCG에 의한 림프절염 환아 37명을 경험하였다. 1) 림프절염의 양상 : 림프절염은 BCG를 접종한 후 대부분 4개월 이내에 발생하였다. 발생부위는 대부분 좌측 액와부였고, 쇄골상부에 생긴 예도 있었다. 크기는 대부분 2-3 cm였고, 5 cm 이상인 경우도 있었다. 2) 림프절염의 치료 : 37명 중 3명은 림프절염이 화농하지 않고 자연적으로 소실되거나 크기가 감소하였다. 화농하면 rifampicin을 주입하려고 경과를 관찰하다가 9명은 시술 전에 자연적으로 터져서 배농되어 드레싱만으로 치유되었다. 25명은 림프절염이 화농되어 주사기로 흡인한 후에 rifampicin을 국소로 주입하였다. 18명은 한번 시술해서 치유가 되었다. 7명에서는 한번 시술한 후에 다시 유동성이 생겨서 한번 더 시술하였다. 이중 1명은 두번 시술하였으나 크기가 더이상 감소하지 않아서 외과적 절제술을 고려하고 있다. Rifampicin 국소 주입 후 많은 경우에서 몇 일 이내에 배농이 없어지고, 그 이후 크기가 감소하였다. 림프절이 크면 일부에서 배농이 1-2개월 지속되었다. 결 론 : BCG에 의한 림프절염 중 일부는 자연적으로 소실된다. 화농성 림프절염으로 이행되면 침흡인 후에 rifampicin을 국소 주입하는 방법이 효과적이다. 즉 자연적 배농을 방지하고 비교적 빠른 시간 내에 림프절염이 치유된다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 및 창립 30주년 심포지엄(논문집)
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• pp.289-299
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• 2006

본 연구는 2004년 관세청의 수출입 데이터를 활용하여 컨테이너 물동량의 기종점 분석을 통해 향후 인천항이 유치할 구 있는 컨테이너 물동량의 정도와 특성을 파악하고 이를 유치하기 위한 전략을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 기종점 분석은 최적권역의 설정을 통해 수행되어졌다. 최적권역이란 특정 항만이 가장 저렴한 운송비와 항만하역비로 수출입 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 시군구로 정의하였는데, 인천항은 서울, 인천을 포함하여 경기도와 강원도의 35개 시군구가 최적권역이었으며, 발생하는 수출입 물동량 약 202만TEU/년 중 약 25.25%가 인천항을 통해 수출입 되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인천항 최적권역 물동량의 처리비율은 인천항 최적권역 물동량의 처리비중이 높은 항만인 부산항(64.89%), 광양항( 4.46%), 평택항(3.35%)으로 나타났다. 이들 항만들과 인천항을 비교할 때 인천항은 선사 및 화물 유치를 위한 차별화된 비용전략과 인센티브 제도의 도입, 항만하역 관련 생산성의 향상, 피더네트워크의 강화, 수도권 화주에 대한 인천항 이용시 물류비 절감 효과의 홍보 등의 노력이 필요한 것으로 나타났으며 이를 화물유치를 위한 전략으로 제시하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.641-647
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• 2015

Monitoring of soil fertility by long-term application of fertilizers is necessary to improve the fertility of soil and the productivity of crop. The objective of this study was conducted to investigate the changes of exchangeable Mg by continuous application of fertilizers from 1969 to 2014. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.) and fertilization (NPK, NPK+C, NPK+S, and NPK+CS). The concentration of exchangeable Mg in No fert., NPK+C, and NPK+S treatments tended to increase from 1965 to 1975, but decrease gradually from 1976 to 1987, and increase again after 1988. Based on these, the changes of exchangeable Mg were divided into period I ('69 ~'75), period II ('76~'87), and period III ('88~'14). Especially, exchangeable Mg decreased in the period II. This was presumed that a significant amount of Mg from topsoil were leached into subsoil by break of plow pan and some of subsoil was incorporated into topsoil according to change of plowing depth by replacement of tillage machinery. It could be possible that exchangeable Mg in NPK, NPK+S, and NPK+CS was accumulated in the depth of 15~20 cm. For the period III, exchangeable Mg in No fert., NPK, NPK+C, NPK+S, and NPK+CS treatments increased at rates of 0.013, 0.018, 0.015, 0.023, and $0.024cmolckg^{-1}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$ respectively. Exchangeable Mg level in NPK+S was lower than the other treatments in the period I and period II, but higher than in the period III. This result was attributed to replacement of silicate fertilizer type from wollastonite (Mg 0.3%) to silicate fertilizer (Mg 3%). Also, exchangeable Mg level of No fert. treatment increased, which showed that Mg concentration of irrigated water had the greatest impact on Mg accumulation of soil. Recently, Mg level of irrigated water tended to increase, indicating that Mg concentration of water will affect greatly the concentration of exchangeable Mg of soil in the future. Like these, the changes of exchangeable Mg were greatly influenced by agricultural environment such as plowing depth, plow pan, content of fertilizer, and quality of irrigated water. Considering these agricultural environment, the proper management of soil is needed for the improvement of soil fertility and crop productivity.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2011

Using tetrameric ${\beta}$-galactosidase as a model protein, anchoring motives were screened in Bacillus subtilis spore display system. Eleven spore coat proteins were selected considering their expression levels and the location in the spore coat layer. After chromosomal single-copy homologous integration in the amyE site of Bacillus subtilis chromosome, cotE and cotG were chosen as possible spore surface anchoring motives with their higher whole cell ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity. PAGE and Wester blot of extracted fraction of outer layer of purified spore, which express CotE-LacZ or CotG-LacZ fusion verified the existence of exact size of fusion protein and its location in outer coat layer of purified spore. ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity of spore with CotE-LacZ or CotG-LacZ fusion reached its highest value around 16~20 h of culture time in terms of whole cell and purified spore. After intensive spore purification with lysozyme treatment and renografin treatment, spore of BJH135, which expresses CotE-LacZ, retained only 1~2% of its whole cell ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity. Whereas spore of BJH136, which has cotG-lacZ cassette in the chromosome, retained 10~15% of its whole cell ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity, proving minor perturbation of CotG-LacZ, when incorporated in the spore coat layer of Bacillus subtilis compared to CotE-LacZ. Usage of Bacillus subtilis WB700, of which 7 proteases are knocked-out and thereby resulting in 99.7% decrease in protease activity of the host, did not prevent the proteolytic degradation of spore surface expressed CotG-LacZ fusion protein.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.712-717
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• 2010

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are involved in the synthesis of a wide variety of valuable products and in the degradation of numerous toxic compounds. The P450 BM3 (CYP102A1) from Bacillus megaterium was the first P450 discovered to be fused to its redox partner, a mammalian-like diflavin reductase. Here, we report the development of a whole-cell biocatalyst using ice-nucleation protein (Inp) from Pseudomonas syringae to display a hemeand diflavin-containing oxidoreductase, P450 BM3 (a single, 119-kDa polypeptide with domains of both an oxygenase and a reductase) on the surface of Escherichia coli. The surface localization and functionality of the fusion protein containing P450 BM3 were verified by flow cytometry and measurement of enzymatic activities. The results of this study comprise the first report of microbial cell-surface display of a heme- and diflavin-containing enzyme. This system should allow us to select and develop oxidoreductases containing heme and/or flavins into practically useful whole-cell biocatalysts for extensive biotechnological applications, including selective synthesis of new chemicals and pharmaceuticals, bioconversion, bioremediation, live vaccine development, and biochip development.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1163-1178
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• 2010

Plasmids play important roles in horizontal gene transfer among Vibrionaceae, but surprisingly little is known about their replication and incompatibility systems. In this study, we successfully developed a bioinformatics-assisted strategy of experimental identification of seven Vibrio plasmid replicons. Comparative sequences analysis of the seven Vibrio plasmid replicons obtained in this study together with eight published Vibrionaceae plasmid sequences revealed replication-participating elements involved in the ColE1 mode of replication initiation and regulation. Like plasmid ColE1, these Vibrionaceae plasmids encode two RNA species (the primer RNA and the antisense RNA) for replication initiation and regulation, and as a result, the 15 Vibrionaceae plasmids were designated as ColE1-like Vibrionaceae (CLV) plasmids. Two subgroups were obtained for the 15 CLV plasmids, based on comparison of replicon organization and phylogenetic analysis of replication regions. Coexistence of CLV plasmids were demonstrated by direct sequencing analysis and Southern hybridization, strongly suggesting that the incompatibility of CLV plasmids is determined mainly by the RNA I species like the ColE1-like plasmids. Sequences resembling the conserved Xer recombination sites were also identified on the CLV plasmids, indicating that the CLV plasmids probably use the host site-specific recombination system for multimer resolution like that used by ColE1-like plasmids. All the results indicated that the 15 plasmids form a new ColE1-like group, providing a basis for the rapid characterization and classification of Vibrionaceae plasmids.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.1727-1736
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• 2006

지능 시스템에서 고속으로 퍼지 데이터를 처리하기 위해서, 퍼지 제어시스템이 해결해야 할 중요한 문제점들 중의 하나는 퍼지 추론 및 비퍼지화 단계에서 수행속도를 개선하는 것이다. 이를 위해서는, 특히 후건부의 연산 및 비퍼지화 단계에서 고속 연산이 이루어져야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 지능 시스템을 위한 퍼지 제어기의 속도향상을 위해 후건부 및 비 퍼지화 단계에서 [0, 1]의 실수 연산을 하지 않고, 퍼지 소속함수의 실수 값을 정수형 격자에 매핑 시켜 곱셈, 나눗셈이 필요 없는 정수형 덧셈을 고속으로 수행할 수 있는 알고리듬을 제안하고, truck backer-upper 제어 시스템에 적용하여 기존의 방법보다 매우 빠른 실시간 고속 퍼지 시스템을 보여준다. 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템은 로봇의 팔 움직임 제어 와 같은 실시간 고속 지능 시스템에 잘 활용될 수 있다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.97-110
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• 1999

The new stick make-up product was studied by using a gel, which is a viscous complex formed with clay minerals, vitamins A and E and fluorinated liquid polymer with a 1500 molecular weight. The gel cannot be obtained with any random combination of clay minerals and the ingredients described above. It takes the sequential manufacturing method as follows to get this kind of gel. Firstly, clay minerals and liquid polymers have to be pre-mixed in order to saturate the liquid polymers with the clay minerals. Then the on-processed gel has to be finely crystallized. The clay minerals, which are the core elements for this gel, were used as a function of Binder & Buffer and liquid polymer was mixed together for the deterioration of the surface tension of each component and to form a functional film in the gel. This liquid polymer was combined with clay minerals because it is not miscible with most oils and solvents. Waxes have a function of keeping a solid status in the stick. We reduced the usage of waxes by putting clay minerals as buffer in the proportion of 0.5:1 with oil phase. Ceramide takes care of the skin when used regularly and maintains the skin's moisture. Vitamins A and E contribute to preventing skin aging by the activation of skin cells. We could get the stable viscous gel, which has about 80% oil phase using clay minerals and liquid polymer. The crystalline structures of gel were surface-chemically-analyzed using SEM and Image Analyzer and were thermodynamically analyzed using DSC. Surface tension test and softness were done by Rheometer. In the end, these characteristics were verified by consumer panel tests in Seoul, Daegeon and Pusan in Korea and Hokkaido, Osaka and Miyazaki in Japan with correlation to the climate.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2020

Purpose: Duodenal stump leakage (DSL) is a potentially fatal complication that can occur after gastrectomy, but its underlying risk factors are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors and management of DSL after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer (GC). Materials and Methods: Relevant data were collected from several prospective databases to retrospectively analyze the data of GC patients who underwent Billroth II (B-II) or Rouxen-Y (R-Y) reconstruction after laparoscopic gastrectomy from 2 institutions (Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences). The DSL risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis regression. Results: A total of 810 patients were eligible for our analysis (426 with R-Y, 384 with B-II with Braun). Eleven patients had DSL (1.36%). Body mass index (BMI), elevated preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and unreinforced duodenal stump were the independent risk factors for DSL. DSL was diagnosed in 2-12 days, with a median of 8 days. Seven patients received conservative treatment, 3 patients received puncture treatment, and only 1 patient required reoperation. All patients recovered successfully after treatment. Conclusions: The risk factors of DSL were BMI ≥24 kg/㎡, elevated preoperative CRP level, and unreinforced duodenal stump. Nonsurgical treatments for DSL are preferred.