• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.732-735
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• 1988

식용유의 향미 안정성을 측정하기 위하여 가스크로마토그래피를 이용하여 유지시료의 윗 공간내에 있는 총 휘발성물질, 산소 및 수소의 양을 측정하였다. 유지의 산패가 진행됨에 따라 총 휘발성물질의 양과 수소의 양은 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 두 값 사이의 상관계수는 0.95이상으로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 상관관계는 유지의 향미 안정성을 측정하기 위하여 가스크로마토그래피를 반복하여 실험할 필요없이 시료 윗 공간내의 수소와 산소의 양을 한 칼럼을 사용하여 동시에 측정함으로써 유지의 향미안정성을 나타내는 지료로써 수소와 산소의 함량이 사용될 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1988

The purpous of the study was to find an effect of oral administered medium chain triglyceride(MCT) diet on the serum and enzyme activities of Spraque-Dawly rats when they were oral fed with MCT, soybean oil and palm oil. The result was as follow. 1) The body weight gains in MCT diet group was lower than that of the all experimental group. 2) Total cholesterol levels in serum and liver of MCT diet group were very lower than that of the all experimental groups. 3) HDL-cholesterol level of MCT diet group was higher than that of the all experimental group except normal group and VLDL, LDL-cholesterol levels was very higher. 4) TG and PL levels of MCT diet group higher than that of the control group. 5) The activities of GOT with soybean oil diet group and of GPT with MCT diet group were lower than that of the all experimental group. 6) HDL-levels in the serum lipoprotein of MCT diet group was increased and LDL levels was decreased.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.266-271
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• 1998

천연물로부터 안전성과 안정성이 우수한 항산화성 물질을 찾기 위하여 생약류 10종을 선정하여 95% ethanol으로 추출하면서 추출 수율과 팜유를 기질로한 항산화력을 비교한 결과 울금이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 울금 추출물을 팜유에 대해 첨가농도를 $0.05{\sim}0.5%$까지 높혀 가면서 현재 사용되는 천연 항산화제인 mixed tocopherol, rosemary 추출물들과 비교하여 항산화력을 측정한 결과 0.05%까지는 3종류 모두 유사한 항산화 효과를 나타내었으나 그 이상의 농도에 있어서는 울금 추출물의 항산화력이 월등히 우수하였다. 돈지에 대한 울금 추출물의 항산화 효과는 0.01% 첨가시 AI가 4.59로서 1.57인 팜유보다 월등하였으며, 대두유에 대해서는 첨가에 따른 항산화 효과가 전혀 나타나지 않았다. 각종 지방산 메틸에스테르에 울금 추출물을 각각 0.05%, 0.1% 첨가하였을 때 oleic acid methyl ester에 대해서는 AI가 각각 3.01, 4.33으로 크게 증가하였으나, linoleic acid methyl eser에 대해서는 각각 0.85, 0.96으로서 오히려 감소하는 경향이 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2009

팜유와 아보카도유를 이용하여 효소적 방법을 통해 trans free margarine stock(TFMS)을 제조하였다. 회분식 반응기(stirred batch type reactor)를 통한 본 반응은 sn-1,3 위치 특이성을 가진 lipozyme RM IM(from Rhizomucor miehei)을 사용하였다. 반응기질 대두극도경화유와 아보카도유 및 팜유는 30:150:120(g)의 비율로 230 rpm, $65^{\circ}C$에서 합성하였으며 이를 통해 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 재구성 지질의 DSC 분석 결과 TFMS의 solid fat content(SFC)는 $5^{\circ}C$에서 58.6%, $35^{\circ}C$에서의 약 8.5%로 확인 되었으며 7.3, 23.6, $35.3^{\circ}C$의 DSC 상의 melting point 특성을 나타내었다. TFMS는 C16:0(약 29%)과 C18:1(약 45%)이 주요 지방산으로 확인되었고 ${\Sigma}SFA$는 40.7%이었으며 trans 지방산은 검출되지 않았다. Sn-2 위치에는 주요적으로 C16:0(21.6%)과 C18:1(50.2%)의 지방산 조성이 확인되었다. RP-HPLC를 통해 TFMS를 이루고 있는 TAG의 PN을 확인 하였다. 주요적으로 PN=48이 대부분을 차지하였고 PN=46, PN=50으로 분리되었으며 TFMS의 반응 전과 비교 시 차별적인 TAG peak를 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, ${\alpha}-$, ${\gamma}-$ 및 ${\delta}$-tocopherol이 각각 5.7, 2.1, 1.7 mg/100 g을 나타냈으며 산가, 요오드가, 비누화가를 통해 TFMS의 이화학적 특성을 확인 할 수 있었다. TFMS를 통해 마가린 제조 시 물성 변화를 고려하여 마가린의 적합한 물성을 지닐 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.444-448
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• 1993

${\alpha}-Tocopherol$, BHA, TBHQ, rosemary extract나 defatted ricebran extract가 첨가된 팜유에서 튀겨진 라면을 $65^{\circ}C$에 저장하는 동안 생성되는 flavor 화합물(pentane, hexane, hexanal 및 total volatile)을 static headspace gas chromatography법에 의해 살펴보았다. 사용된 산화방지제의 농도는 튀김유를 기준으로 100 또는 200ppm이었으며 tocopherol의 경우 300ppm이 추가되었다. Tocopherol은 100 또는 200ppm 농도로 사용되었을 때 라면에서의 모든 flavor 화합물 생성을 억제하였으며 그 정도는 100ppm이 200ppm에 비하여 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 300ppm tocopherol은 오히려 $65^{\circ}C$에 저장중인 라면에서의 flavor 화합물 생성을 촉진하였다. BHA와 TBHQ는 100ppm 농도로 첨가된 경우 라면의 flavor 화합물 생성억제에 기여를 하였으나 200ppm 경우 오히려 촉진하였다. Rosemary extract와 defatted ricebran extract는 100 혹은 200ppm 농도에 상관없이 라면에서의 flavor 화합물 생성을 억제하였는데 억제효과는 tocopherol과 비슷하고 TBHQ 보다 우수하여 새로운 천연 산화방지제로서의 가능성을 기대한다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2006

Breast cancer may be the consequence of free radical damage, which is partially caused by the excessive intake of dietary fat and imbalances in antioxidant scavenger system;. In this experiment, we examined! the effects of dietary peroxidizability index (PI) values on hepatic thiobmbituric acid reaction substances (TBARS) and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[$\alpha$]anthracene (DMBA). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used and 7,12-DMBA (20 mg/kg body weight) was gastrically intubated at seven weeks of age in order to induce mammary tumors (MT). The levels of dietary PI were 36, 81, 126 and 217 (LPI, MLPI, MHPI and HPI), while dietary polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio was maintained at the same level (1.0). Fat used in the experiment was mixed with soybean oil, com oil, palm oil, perilla oil, sesame oil, fish oil, and beef tallow. Experimental diets were given for the following 20 weeks. We measured tumor numbers and weights, and then assayed the hepatic TBARS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR). The incidence of Mr was the lowest in the MHPI group. The hepatic TBARS level was significantly raised with increasing dietary PI value. The hepatic SOD and GR activities were differed significantly by dietary PI value. The hepatic SOD activity was negatively correlated with dietary PI value and GR activity was the highest in the rats fed the MHPI diet. When the dietary P/S ratio is kept at 1.0, adequate dietary PI value (PI value of 126) may reduce the incidence and growth of Mr, but this benefit may be lost with higher dietary PI value. These results suggest that the awareness of dietary PI values may help to decrease breast cancer incidence and growth.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제6권
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• pp.121-127
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• 1988

Palm 유로 유열처리한 라면제품을 태양광선구, 실내보존구, 항온기보존구 및 골판지상자구 등의 처리구로 나누어 20주동안 저장하고, 경시적으로 산가, 과산화물가, TBA가, 지방산조성 및 요오드가 등의 지방산화이상을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. Al증착 film포장지로 밀봉하고 골판지상자에 넣어 실온 암소에서 저장하면 산가, 과산화물가, carbonyl가 및 TBA가는 완만하게 증가하여 5개월 경과 후에도 완전한 품질을 보였다. 관능검사에 있어서의 산패취도 5개월후까지는 인정되지 않았다. 실내보존구 및 항온기 보존구의 라면은 완만한 산화이상을 보여 저장 18주에 산패취를 확인하였으나, 태양광선구의 라면은 저장 10주부터 다소 크게 산화가 일어났으며, 이때 산패취를 확인하였다. 산가, 과산화물가, carbonly가, 및 TBA가는 각 처리구 공히 저장기간 동안 증가하였으며, 태양광선구에서 그 증가이상은 현저하였다. 특히 TBA가는 태양광선구에서 저장 10주이후 급격히 증가하여 14주에 그 정점을 이루고 다시 감소하였다. 저장초 그리고 저장 18주의 태양광선구 및 항온구의 라면 유지에 대한 지방산 조성을 살펴본 결과 항온구에선 큰 변화가 없었으나 태양광선구에선 저장초의 지방산조성에 비하여 oleic acid등 불포화지방산의 상대적인 감소이상을 볼 수 있었으며 저장 중 요오드가의 감소가 이런 사실을 뒷받침하고 있다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.612-616
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the condition of frying oil used for frying chicken nuggets in a deep fryer. The acidification of the frying oils used, soybean oil (SB), canola oil (CA), palm oil (PA), and lard (LA), were determined as peroxide value, acid value, and fatty acid composition, after chicken nuggets were fried in them for 101 times. The acid value and peroxide value obtained were 5.14 mg KOH/g and 66.03 meq/kg in SB, 4.47 mg KOH/g and 71.04 meq/kg in CA, 2.66 mg KOH/g and 15.48 meq/kg in PA, and 5.37 mg KOH/g and 62.92 meq/kg in LA, respectively. The ranges of the major fatty acid contents were palmitic acid, 8.91-45.84%; oleic acid, 34.74-58.68%; linoleic acid, 10.32-18.65%; and stearic acid, 2.28-10.86%.Used frying oils for food except animal products have a legal limit for the freshness standard, set by the Food Codex regulations (AV<2.5, POV<50). Therefore, this study could help develop a freshness standard for frying oils used for animal products such as chicken nuggets. Based on the quality limits associated with food regulations stated, we suggested that the estimated frying times before acceptable freshness was exceeded were 41 for SB, 38 for LA, 53 for CA, and 109 for PA. This data may be useful in determining food quality regulations for frying oil used for animal products.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.353-357
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• 2018

Previous studies have suggested that rice bran oil (RBO), an edible oil from the byproducts of rice milling, has anti-inflammatory effects in inflammation inducing macrophages, known as M1 subsets. Yet the effects of RBO on the counterpart M2 subsets, the "healing" macrophages, were poorly investigated to date. In this regard, recent studies on the molecular/cellular anti-inflammatory mechanisms of dietary components have demonstrated that mitochondrial respiration contributes to macrophage functioning. Therefore, the current study examined whether RBO regulates cytokine secretion by modulating mitochondrial metabolism in wound healing M2 subsets. Palm oil (PO), enriched with medium-chain fatty acids, served as a positive control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing either corn oil (CO), PO or RBO for 4 weeks, followed by purification of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from their tibias and femurs. Cells were further polarized to M2-BMDM, and the expression of M2 marker (CD206) on cellular surfaces were not affected by dietary intervention. In addition, the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the culture supernatant was not affected by dietary lipids. Oxygen consumption rate, the indicator of mitochondrial respiration in M2-BMDM was not regulated by RBO intervention and PO treatment. Taken together, this study imply that RBO did not intervene both the regulation of inflammatory responses and mitochondrial respiration in M2 macrophages.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2016

Global warming and climate change have been caused by combustion of fossil fuels. The greenhouse gases contributed to the rise of temperature between $0.6^{\circ}C$ and $0.9^{\circ}C$ over the past century. Presently, fossil fuels account for about 88% of the commercial energy sources used. In developing countries, fossil fuels are a very attractive energy source because they are available and relatively inexpensive. The environmental problems with fossil fuels have been aggravating stress from already existing factors including acid deposition, urban air pollution, and climate change. In order to control greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, fossil fuels must be replaced by eco-friendly fuels such as biomass. The use of renewable energy sources is becoming increasingly necessary. The biomass resources are the most common form of renewable energy. The conversion of biomass into energy can be achieved in a number of ways. The most common form of converted biomass is pellet fuels as biofuels made from compressed organic matter or biomass. Pellets from lignocellulosic biomass has compared to conventional fuels with a relatively low bulk and energy density and a low degree of homogeneity. Thermal pretreatment technology like torrefaction is applied to improve fuel efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass, i.e., less moisture and oxygen in the product, preferrable grinding properties, storage properties, etc.. During torrefacton, lignocelluosic biomass such as palm kernell shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) was roasted under an oxygen-depleted enviroment at temperature between 200 and $300^{\circ}C$. Low degree of thermal treatment led to the removal of moisture and low molecular volatile matters with low O/C and H/C elemental ratios. The mechanical characteristics of torrefied biomass have also been altered to a brittle and partly hydrophobic materials. Unfortunately, it was much harder to form pellets from torrefied PKS and EFB due to thermal degradation of lignin as a natural binder during torrefaction compared to non-torrefied ones. For easy pelletization of biomass with torrefaction, pellets from PKS and EFB were manufactured before torrefaction, and thereafter they were torrefied at different temperature. Even after torrefaction of pellets from PKS and EFB, their appearance was well preserved with better fuel efficiency than non-torrefied ones. The physical properties of the torrefied pellets largely depended on the torrefaction condition such as reaction time and reaction temperature. Temperature over $250^{\circ}C$ during torrefaction gave a significant impact on the fuel properties of the pellets. In particular, torrefied EFB pellets displayed much faster development of the fuel properties than did torrefied PKS pellets. During torrefaction, extensive carbonization with the increase of fixed carbons, the behavior of thermal degradation of torrefied biomass became significantly different according to the increase of torrefaction temperature. In conclusion, pelletization of PKS and EFB before torrefaction made it much easier to proceed with torrefaction of pellets from PKS and EFB, leading to excellent eco-friendly fuels.