• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2001

Friction and wear properties of brake friction materials containing different metal fibers (Al, Cu or Steel fibers) were investigated. Based on a simple experimental formulation, friction materials with the same amount of metal fibers were tested using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. Two different materials (gray cast iron and aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC)) were used for disks rubbing against the friction materials. Results front ambient temperature tests revealed that the friction material containing Cu fibers sliding against gray cast iron disk showed a distinct negative $\mu$-v (friction coefficient vs. sliding velocity) relation implying possible stick-slip generation at low speeds. The negative $\mu$- v relation was not observed when the Cu-containing friction materials were rubbed against the Al-MMC counter surface. Elevated temperature tests showed that the friction level and the intensity of friction force oscillation were strongly affected by the thermal conductivity and melting temperature of metallic ingredients of the friction couple. Friction materials slid against cast iron disks exhibited higher friction coefficients than Al-MMC (metal matrix composite) disks during high temperature tests. On the other hand, high temperature test results suggested that copper fibers in the friction material improved fade resistance and that steel fibers were not compatible with Al-MMC disks showing severe material transfer and erratic friction behavior during sliding at elevated temperatures.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.248-255
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• 2005

Since the water quality of drinking water sources has been recognized as a big issue, the ministry of Environment in Korea is designing the total maximum daily load (TMDL) program for 4 major large rivers. The TMDL program can be successfully performed as controling the nonpoint pollutants from watershed area near the river. Of the various landuses in nonpoint pollution, parking lots and bridges are stormwater intensive landuses because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from vehicular activities. Vehicle emissions from those areas include different pollutants such as heavy metals, oil and grease and particulates from sources such as fuels, brake pad and tire wear, etc. Especially the pollutant washed-off from the landuses are directly affecting to the river water quality. Therefore this research was conducted to understand the magnitude and nature of the stormwater emissions with the goal of quantifying stormwater pollutant concentrations and mass emission rates of pollutants from parking lot and bridges in Korea. In Kongju city areas, two monitoring sites were equipped with an automatic rainfall gages and an automatic flow meter for accumulating the useful data such as rainfall, water quality and runoff flow. This manuscripts will show the concentration changes during storm duration and EMCs to characterize the concentration profiles in different land uses. Also the first flush criteria will be suggested using dynamic EMCs. The definition of dynamic EMC is a new approach explaining the relationship of EMC and first flush effect.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.274-285
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• 2019

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), which is a material removal process involving chemical surface reactions and mechanical abrasive action, is an essential manufacturing process for obtaining high-quality semiconductor surfaces with ultrahigh precision features. Recent rapid growth in the industries of digital devices and semiconductors has accelerated the demands for processing of various substrate and film materials. In addition, to solve many issues and challenges related to high integration such as micro-defects, non-uniformity, and post-process cleaning, it has become increasingly necessary to approach and understand the processing mechanisms for various substrate materials and abrasive particle behaviors from a tribological point of view. Based on these backgrounds, we review recent CMP R&D trends in this study. We examine experimental and analytical studies with a focus on substrate materials and abrasive particles. For the reduction of micro-scratch generation, understanding the correlation between friction and the generation mechanism by abrasive particle behaviors is critical. Furthermore, the contact stiffness at the wafer-particle (slurry)-pad interface should be carefully considered. Regarding substrate materials, recent research trends and technologies have been introduced that focus on sapphire (${\alpha}$-alumina, $Al_2O_3$), silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium nitride (GaN), which are used for organic light emitting devices. High-speed processing technology that does not generate surface defects should be developed for low-cost production of various substrates. For this purpose, effective methods for reducing and removing surface residues and deformed layers should be explored through tribological approaches. Finally, we present future challenges and issues related to the CMP process from a tribological perspective.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

Purpose: This study examined the effects of space fabric type air insole pressure differences on young adults' dynamic balance ability. Method: The subjects of this study were 17 young female adults without musculoskeletal system disease. Balance ability was measured by dividing the subjects into three groups: an experimental group which did not wear an air insole (insole-off group), an experimental group which wore an air insole to which air pressure of $0.55kg/cm^2$ was applied (insole-0.55 group), and an experimental group which wore an air insole to which air pressure of $0.75kg/cm^2$ was applied (insole-0.75 group). For dynamic balance, the subjects stood on a balance pad, and perimeter length and medium speed were measured three times. The averaged values were recorded and statistically processed. Result: There were significant differences in average speed, and the insole-0.75 group's average speed decreased compared to the insole-off group and the insole-0.55 group. Although the total movement distance did not statistically differ, the insole-75 group's movement distance decreased compared to the insole-off group and the insole-0.55 group. Conclusion: Application of a space fabric type air insole, in particular insole-0.75, was helpful in improving balance ability. This is considered to occur because the space fabric structure was conducive to decreasing sway and producing balance.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.624-633
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• 2021

This study was intended to compare the comfort of wearing each type of commercially available bralette. The trial wearing experiment was conducted on five women in their 20s who wear an average Korean bra size of 70A. The experimental bralettes were of four types: a bralette with both hooks and pads and a bralette without both, a bralette with hooks but no pads, and a bralette with pads but no hooks. The wearing test results are as follows. First, in terms of functional satisfaction, the padded bralette provided the greatest satisfaction in supporting the chest from the bottom up and bringing it to the center, and the bralette without the pad provided the least satisfaction. In addition, the level of convenience of attaching/detaching was about twice as high in the bralette with hooks than those without hooks. Chest compression was found to be greater in bralettes without hooks than in those with hooks. In terms of the pressure on the shoulder strap and on the lower chest band, it was found that bralettes with hooks had a greater sense of pressure than those without. In the appearance characteristics test, the unpadded bralettes scored higher than the padded one in the matter of feeling embarrassed, because in unpadded bralettes, the nipples were exposed underneath the clothes . This study is meaningful in classifying the design of the bralette and evaluating the fit for each design in the absence of prior research on the bralette.