• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1022-1030
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• 2006

Activated sludge reactors maintaining an MLSS of 3,000 mg/L and packed Bio Contact Media (BCM fixed beds) was studied in lab-scale to determine the optimal packing ratio and an HRT of aerobic reactor in terms of organic removal, nitrification, denitrification efficiencies. At all HRTs of 3 hr, 5 hr, 7 hr respectively, reactors without BCM, control reactors, had the lowest TCODcr removal efficiency about 74.6%, and reactors with the BCM packing ratios of 10%, 15%, 20% had a greater TCODcr removal efficiency above 81.4%. As HRT decreased, the TCODcr removal efficiency decreased also in all reactors. However, a better utilization of TCODcr even at a higher organic loading was observed in reactors with BCM. The nitrification efficiency at all reactors was greater than 94%, and reactor with 20% packing of BCM had the highest nitrification efficiency at 97.9% while the TKN loading increased at $0.085mgTKN/m^3{\ast}day$ as HRT decreased, In terms of denitrification efficiency, the reactor without BCM ranged from 11.6% to 13.7%, and the reactors with BCM ranged from 28.3% to 63.4% which suggests that the more BCM is packed in the reactors, the higher the denitrification efficiency is achieved. Two parallel $A^2/O$ systems maintaining an MLSS of 3,000 mg/L were operated to investigate the effect of BCM packing ratio of 20% on organic removal, nitrification, denitrification efficiencies. Packing with BCM in system of aerobic reactor affected the SCODcr removal efficiency that increased from 73% to 78%. The nitrification efficiency for both systems with or without BCM was greater than 95%. The denitrification efficiency of systems with BCM and without BCM was 85.8% and 81.8%, respectively which appears that the denitrification efficiency was increased slightly by packing BCM. Compared denitrification efficiency in $A^2/O$ system to previous experimental study with activated sludge reactors operates with the same HRT $A^2/O$ system showed only 29% greater denitrification efficiency. It suggests that $A^2/O$ system with BCM can achieve a similar level of denitrification efficiency when the HRT of anoxic reactor is decreased to some extent.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1421-1428
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 포장 재질에 따라 쌀의 신선도가 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보기 위해 다변량 분산분석을 적용해 보았다. 쌀의 신선도는 쌀의 수분 함량과 식미치로 측정하였다. 포장 재질은 일반 종이와 종이 뒷면에 숯을 코팅한 종이를 비교하였다. 쌀을 보관하는 장소를 블록으로 간주하였다. 쌀의 수분 함량과 식미치를 나타내는 이변량 관측값에 대하여 완전 확률화 블록 설계에 의한 다변량 분산분석을 적용해 본 결과 포장 재질에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 따라서 쌀의 수분 함량과 식미치 각각을 단일변량 관측값으로 간주하고 분산분석을 적용해 보았다. 그 결과 쌀의 수분 함량에 대해서는 포장 재질에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였으나 식미치에 대해서 유의한 차이 관측할 수 없었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제43권
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• pp.275-295
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• 2009

After a long period of development and worldwide consultation, the London-based Joint Cargo Committee has revised the Institute Cargo Clauses (A), (B) & (C) and some ancillary Institute Clauses. The revision mainly include a clarification of the exclusions within the clauses, some modernization of the language of the clauses and new definitions of some terms. With these revisions, the coverage is widened to offer more protection to the assured. This may enable the widely used Institute Cargo Clauses to receive even greater worldwide acceptance. The following are the main changes in the new 2009 ICC compared with the 1982 ICC. 1. Insufficient or unsuitable Packing or Preparation(Clause 4.3): The revised clause is more favourable to the assured because under the revised clause this sub-clause is only applicable to (a) where packing or preparation is carried out by the assured or their employees or (b) packing or preparation takes place before the attachment of the risk. 2. Insolvency or Financial Default (Clause 4.6): The insolvency and financial default wording is incorporated in the revised clauses, making it more favourable to the assured. 3. Unseaworthiness (Clause 5): The revision is more favourable to the assured in that it limits the exclusion in relation to the unfitness of vehicles, vessels or containers to cases where the assured or their employees are privy to such unfitness. 4. Terrorism (Clause 7): A new definition of "terrorism" is introduced and the revised clause also widens the acts of an individual to encompass ideological and religious motives.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2000

The effects of nitrile group substitution onto aromatic polyamide backbone on the gas permeability and permselectivity of the polymers are examined. The gas permeability of aromatic polyamides increase with increasing the content of nitrile group substitution, whereas the permselectivity decreases with increasing the nitrile group contents. The effects of chain linrearity on the permeability and permselectivity are also examined. The non-linearity of the polymers increases the permeability. These behaviors are interpreted in terms of chain packing and crystallinity of the aromatic polyamides.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2013

PURPOSES: Simulation of aggregate slump test using equivalent sphere particle in DEM and its validity evaluation against lab aggregate slump test METHODS : In this research, aggregate slump tests are performed and compared with DEM simulation. To utilize spheric particles in YADE, equivalent sphere diameter concept is applied. As verification measures, the volume in slump cone filled with aggregate is used and it is compared with volume in slump cone filled with equivalent sphere particle. Slump height and diameter are also used to evaluate the suggested numerical method with equivalent concept RESULTS : Simulation test results show good agrement with lab test results in terms of loose packing volume, height and diameter of slumped particle clump. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that numerical simulation using DEM is applicable to evaluate the effect of aggregate morphological property in loose packing and optimum gradation determination based on the aggregate slump test simulation result.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.659-667
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify the combinated factors of leaf mustard kimchi which confer the highest utility on tourists, and to establish the relative factors of importance in terms of tourists' contribution to total utility to their tour purpose. Conjoint model, $X^2$ analysis, Max. Utility model, BTL model, Logit model, K-means cluster analysis, and one-way ANOVA analysis are used for this study. The findings from this study are as follows: First, the Pearson's R and Kendall's tau($\tau$) statistics shows that the model fits the data well to the tourists' visit purpose. Second, when they choose a sightseeing place, tourists' taste for food renowned in the local area is a very important factor. Third, the leaf mustard kimchi some tourists most prefer has light red color and mild taste, and they buy it in a shaped packing, at a cheap price and directly at the kimchi factory. The leaf mustard kimchi the other tourists most prefer has light red color and highly pungent taste, and they buy it in a shaped packing, at a cheap price and directly at the kimchi factory. Fourth, by the results of BTL model and Logit Model analysis, some tourists most prefer an experimental model of leaf mustard kimchi which has light red color and mild taste. They want to buy it in a shaped packing, at a cheap price and directly at the kimchi factory. The other tourists most prefer an experimental model of leaf mustard kimchi which has light red color and highly pungent taste. They want to buy it in a shaped packing, at a cheap price and directly in the kimchi factory. Finally, the writer hopes this study will provide the kimchi marketers with some insights into the types of popular leaf mustard kimchi designs that could be successfully developed.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1165-1174
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• 2011

데이터 방송 시스템에서 서버는 방송 채널을 통하여 데이터들을 지속적으로 전파하고, 이동 클라이언트는 자신이 원하는 데이터가 방송 채널에 나타나기를 기다리기만 하면 된다. 그러나 방송 채널은 많은 데이터들에 의해 공유되어야 하므로, 원하는 데이터를 수신하기까지 예상 지연시간이 증가할 수 있다. 본 논문은 전체 데이터들의 예상 지연시간을 최소화하기 위하여 다중 방송 채널에 적절하게 데이터를 할당하기 위한 주제를 연구하여 TLBP(Two Level Bin-Packing)로 명명된 새로운 데이터 할당 기법을 제안한다. 본 논문은 우선 평균 예상지연시간의 이론적 하한 값을 소개하고, 이 값에 기초하여 저장소의 용량을 결정한다. TLBP 기법은 저장소-적재 알고리즘을 이용하여 전체 데이터들을 다수 개의 그룹으로 분할하고, 각 그룹의 데이터들을 각 채널에 배정한다. TLBP는 저장소-적재 알고리즘을 두 단계로 적용함에 의해, 동일 방송 채널에 할당된 데이터들의 액세스 확률의 차이를 방송 스케줄에 반영할 수 있어 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다. TLBP와 세가지의 기존 기법과 성능을 비교하기 위하여 시뮬레이션이 수행되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과에 의하면 TLBP는 합리적인 실행부담을 가지면서도 평균 예상지연시간의 성능에 있어서 다른 기법보다 우수한 성능을 보인다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.99-122
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• 2012

According to the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the Seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to the them and transfer the property the to the goods as required by the contract, and buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract. In particular, the seller provides the documents is important. If the documents are discrepancies in credit, the beneficiary may not receive the payment. So It is important to study on conditions of documents in international trade. Documents provided by the seller shall be determined by express terms. If there is no agreement on the express terms, it shall be determined by the implied terms or governing law terms. In practice Seller shall provide the documents are as follows, For example, transport documents, commercial invoice, certificate of origin, insurance policy, packing list, inspection certificate etc. As stated above if it can not be determined by express terms, it is determined by the implied terms. In international trade, leading to the implied terms is incoterms(R) 2010 and UCP 600. Incoterms(R) 2010 define the seller must provide the goods and the commercial in conformity with the sales contract and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract and UCP 600 are rules that apply to documentary credit. This paper, the practical utility between Incoterms(R) 2010 and UCP 600 is studied.

• BMB Reports
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.394-401
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the prominence of Haldane's explanation for enzyme catalysis significantly hinders investigations in understanding enzyme structure and function. This occurs despite the existence of much evidence that the Haldane model cannot embrace. Some of the evidence, in fact, disproves the model. A brief history of the explanation of enzyme catalysis is presented. The currently accepted view of enzyme catalysis -- the Haldane model -- is examined in terms of its strengths and weaknesses. An alternate model for general enzyme catalysis (the Shifting Specificity model) is reintroduced and an assessment of why it may be superior to the Haldane model is presented. Finally, it is proposed that a re-examination of many current aspects in enzyme structure and function (specifically, protein folding, x-ray and NMR structure analyses, enzyme stability curves, enzyme mimics, catalytic antibodies, and the loose packing of enzyme folded forms) in terms of the new model may offer crucial insights.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 $1^{\circ}C$ 및 $5^{\circ}C$의 냉수와 $10^{\circ}C$의 지하수를 이용하여 세척한 후 PP film bag과 PETE tray로 포장하여 $4^{\circ}C$ 및 $10^{\circ}C$에서 9일간 저장하며 품질을 비교하였다. $10^{\circ}C$에서 저장하고 PP film bag에 보관한 세척하지 않은 치커리는 9일째 1.58%로 감모율이 가장 높았으나 $1^{\circ}C$ 냉수로 세척 처리한 후 PETE tray에 담아 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 치커리는 0.14%로 감모율이 가장 낮게 나타났다. $1^{\circ}C$ 냉수로 세척처리한 후 PEIT tray에 담아 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 경우 9일째 치커리의 호흡속도는 20.34 mg $CO_2/kg/hr$로 동일한 세척처리 후 PP film bag에 저장한 치커리의 호흡속도 26.12 mg $CO_2/kg/hr$보다 낮게 나타났다. 표면색의 변화에 있어서 시료별 개체차이가 심하여 L, a, b값의 유의적인 변화는 없었지만 저장 초기와 9일째를 비교하였을 경우 값이 전반적으로 다소 증가하였음을 알 수 있었고, 비타민 C는 $4^{\circ}C$의 저장고에서 저장한 경우가 $10^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 경우보다 비타민 C함량이 높게 유지되었다. 미생물에 있어서는 $1^{\circ}C$ 냉수로 세척 처리하고 PETE tray로 포장하여 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 후 9일째의 치커리는 총균수 $2.59{\times}10^5CFU/g$, 대장균군수 $6.80{\times}10^2CFU/g$로 미생물수의 증식속도가 가장 느렸다. $1^{\circ}C$ 냉수로 세척하고 PETE tray로 포장하여 $4^{\circ}C$로 저장한 경우 치커리 고유의 초록색과 아삭한 조직감을 유지하고 있어 저온냉수 세척과 tray 포장이 세척 청경채의 선도 유지에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.