• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2013

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the major components of brain and retina, and are the essential fatty acids with important physiologically active functions. Thus, PUFAs should be provided to children, and are very important in the brain growth and development for fetuses, newborn infants, and children. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease coronary artery disease and improve blood flow. PUFAs have been known to have anti-inflammatory action and improved the chronic inflammation such as auto-immune diseases or degenerative neurologic diseases. PUFAs are used for metabolic syndrome related with obesity or diabetes. However, there are several considerations related with intake of PUFAs. Obsession with the intake of unsaturated fatty acids could bring about the shortage of essential fatty acids that are crucial for our body, weaken the immune system, and increase the risk of heart disease, arrhythmia, and stroke. In this review, we discuss types, physiologic mechanism of action of PUFAs, intake of PUFAs for children, recommended intake of PUFAs, and considerations for the intake of PUFAs.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.988-1010
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• 2024

Obesity, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is excessive fat accumulation that can pose health risks and is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system. In typical westernized diets, ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) vastly exceed the amount of ω-3 PUFAs, with ω-6/ω-3 ratios ranging from 10:1 to 25:1. ω-6 PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid, have pro-inflammatory effects and increase obesity. On the other hand, ω-3 PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects. Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are synthesized in almost all higher plants, algae, and some fungi. However, in humans and animals, they are essential fatty acids and must be consumed through diet or supplementation. Therefore, balancing LA/ALA ratios is essential for obesity prevention and human health. Monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens can produce meat and eggs fortified with ω-3 PUFAs by controlling dietary fatty acid (FA). Additionally, ruminant animals such as feeder cattle and lactating dairy cows can opt for feed supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs sources and rumen-protected microencapsulated FAs or pasture finishing. This method can produce ω-3 PUFAs and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) fortified meat, milk, and cheese. A high ω-6/ω-3 ratio is associated with proinflammation and obesity, whereas a balanced ratio reduces inflammation and obesity. Additionally, probiotics containing lactic acid bacteria are necessary, which reduces inflammation and obesity by converting ω-6 PUFAs into functional metabolites such as 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid and CLA.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2008

Labyrinthulids are unicellular heterotrophic marine microalgae. Two labyrinthulid strains, L4 and L75, which produce generous amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs), were isolated from leaves floating in the coastal areas of Quang Ninh province, Vietnam, and Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, respectively. Both strains had spindle-shaped cells surrounded by ectoplasmic networks. Numerous oil bodies were observed in each cell, mostly in the vicinity of cell membranes. When soybean oil or soybean lecithin was used as a carbon source with peptone as a nitrogen source, the proportion of PUFAs reached 25-30% and 50-56% for L4 and L75, respectively. After 14 days of growth at $25^{\circ}C$, L4 produced 0.3 mg PUFAs/g-agar in PYA-SBO medium and 0.6 mg PUFAs/g-agar in PYA-SBL medium. In comparison, L75 produced 0.2 mg PUFAs/g-agar in both types of media. The differences between the two strains included changes in cellular morphology and the capacity for attaching tightly to fibers when cultured in liquid PYA medium containing 2% SBL. In addition, when the strains were grown under the same conditions, L4 had a higher growth rate and produced more PUFAs than L75.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to generally decrease levels of innate immune markers and inflammatory cytokines, but the specific associations between blood levels of PUFAs and those of innate immune markers have not been investigated. Thus, the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that innate immune markers as well as cytokines are negatively associated with n-3 PUFAs but positively associated with n-6 PUFAs in healthy adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: One hundred sixty-five healthy Korean adults aged 25-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, such as 18:3n3, 20:5n3, 22:5n3, and 22:6n3 were negatively correlated with eosinophil and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-10 levels. Multivariate analysis also showed that serum levels of n-3 PUFAs were negatively associated with monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-12 levels. Additionally, the ratio of 20:4n6 to 20:5n3 was positively correlated with eosinophil counts and associated with $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and IL-4 levels. However, NK cell activity was not associated with serum fatty acid composition. CONCLUSIONS: Innate immune markers such as eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts were inversely associated with serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, but were positively associated with the 20:4n6/20:5n3 ratio in this population.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.259-263
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• 1999

물고기 기름에 대한 Aspergillus oryzae 유래의 Lipolase-100T의 가수분해 특성을 규명하였다. Lipolase-100T는 트리글리세라이드의 1과 3의 위치에 작용하여 이 위치에 결합되어 있는 아실 체인을 유리지방산으로 가수분해시키는 1,3-위채특이성을 보였다. 또한 Lipolase-100T는 물고기 기름을 구성하는 다중불포화지방산 보다 포화지방산을 쉽게 가수분해시키는 특성도 나타내었다. 이 특성으로 인하여 가수분해 시간에 따라서 생성되는 글리세라이드 혼합물내의 다중 불포화 지방산중 n-3 PUFAs인 C16:4, C20:5 및 C22:6의 농도는 모두 증가하였으며 특히 C22:6의 농도증가가 가장 뚜렷하였다. 이 결과로부터 물고기 기름을 구성하는 n-3 PUFAs는 트리글리세라이드의 2번 위치에 결합하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 지방산의 결합위치특이성과 Lipolase-100T 1,3-위치특이성으로 인하여 Lipolase-100T를 반응물의 0.4 wt%사용하여 물고기 기름을 120시간 가수분해 시켰을 때 생성된 글리세라이드 혼합물내의 n-3 PUFAs농도는 50 wt%까지 상승하였다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.151.1-151.1
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• 2003

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play many important physiological roles on cellular process through the regulations of intracellular signaling. Recent clinical studies suggest that PUFAs such as n-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6 and a-lnolenic acid, 18:3) may reduce the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD). And also the reports regarding the decrease of n-3 fatty acids in AD brain support the correlation between PUFAs and AD. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological hallmarks of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. (omitted)

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.90-95
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• 1998

Candida cylindracea유래의 리파제인 lipase-OF 360,000를 이용한 다중불포화지방산의 농축공정개발에 관한 연구를 수행하 였다. Lipase-OF 360,000은 5가지 종류에 대한 유지의 가수분해에서 다중불포화지방산인 n-3족 아실기를 다량 함유하는 물고기기름에 대해서만 낮은 활성을 보였다. 이 리파제에 의한 물고기기름의 가수분해에서 반응이 진행됨에 따라 DHA는 계속 농축되는 양상을 보이지만 EPA의 경우는 가수분해반응이 0-30% 진행시까지는 완만하게 농축이 진행되다가 30-50% 진행되는 동안은 더 이상의 농축이 진행되지 않았고 약 50% 이상부터는 감소하기 시작하여 반응 완료시에는 반응전 물고기기름에 있어서 EPA의 함량과 거의 비슷한 약 18% 정도로 감소되었다. 이러한 양상은 기질에 대한 Lipase-OF 360,000의 농도에 상관없이 거의 유사하게 일어났다. 본 연구결과로서 Lipase-OF 360,000의 아실 체인 특이성을 두 가지로 요약할 수 있는데 첫 번째는 가수분해에 있어서 물고기기름내의 n-3족 다중불포화지방산과 그 외의 다른 지방산들의 차별성이다. Lipase-OF 360,000은 n-3족 다중불포화지방산에 대해서만 현저히 낮은 활성을 보였다. 두 번째는 n-3족 다중불포화지방산이 가지는 구조적 차이가 Lipase-OF 360,000의 특이적 활성에 미치는 영향이다. 이 경우는 n-3족 다중불포화지방산내의 탄소수와 불포화도가 높을수록 Lipase-OF 360,000의 활성이 좋지 않았다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the association between the dietary intake of fish and shellfish, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the middle-aged Korean female patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed with 356 female patients (means age: 55.5 years), who were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011. The dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program (CAN-Pro) version 4.0 software. RESULTS: In a multiple regression analysis after the adjustment for confounding factors such as age, BMI, duration of diagnosed T2D, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, sodium intake, and total energy intake, fish and shellfish intake of the subjects was negatively associated with triglyceride and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Omega-3 PUFAs intake was negatively associated with triglyceride, systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, and PWV. The multiple logistic regression analysis with the covariates showed a significant inverse relationship between the omega-3 PUFAs consumption and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia [OR (95% CI) for greater than the median compared to less than the median: 0.395 (0.207-0.753)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the consumption of fish and shellfish, good sources of omega-3 PUFAs, may reduce the risk factors for CVD in the middle-aged female patients with T2D.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.68-72
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• 2015

Background: The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cerebral vessels have not been clarified until now. Thus we investigated the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation on cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance via transcranial doppler (TCD). Methods: Consecutive twenty patients (13 male and 7 female) with at least 1 cerebrovascular risk factor or a known cerebrovascular disease were enrolled. Patients were treated with omega-3 PUFAs (1 g, two times per day) for 12 weeks. Cerebral blood flow velocity, resistance index, and pulsatile index were checked before and after 12 weeks of treatment using TCD. Results: The change of resistance index in right MCA (from $0.58{\pm}0.07$ to $0.55{\pm}0.07$, p = 0.042) and left PCA (from $0.56{\pm}0.07$ to $0.53{\pm}0.06$, p = 0.037) showed significant improvement after 12 weeks of omega-3 PUFAs treatment. The changes in other vessels, however, failed to show any significant changes compared to the baseline. Conclusions: Omega-3 PUFAs treatment showed feasible efficacies for cerebral vascular resistances in this open label trial. To confirm these results, larger samples of patients and longer period of follow-up is warranted.