• 제목/요약/키워드: PSDs

검색결과 41건 처리시간 0.024초

Experimental study of the effect of microstructure on the permeability of saturated soft clays

  • Chen, Bo;Sun, De'an;Jin, Pan
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.49-58
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    • 2019
  • The effect of microstructure on the permeability of two saturated marine clays was studied through a series of falling head permeability tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. The key findings from this experimental study include the following results: (1) The permeability of undisturbed specimens is larger than that of reconstituted specimens at the same void ratio due to different soil fabrics, i.e., the pore size distributions (PSDs), even though they have the similar variation law in the permeability versus void ratio. (2) Different permeabilities of undisturbed and reconstituted specimens at the same void ratio are mainly caused by the difference in void ratio of macro-pores based on the MIP test results. (3) A high relevant relation between $C_k$ ($C_k$ is the permeability change index) and $e*_{10}$, can be found by normalizing the measured data both on undisturbed or reconstituted specimens. Hence, the reference void ratio $e*_{10}$, can be used as a reasonable parameter to identify the effect of soil fabric on the permeability of saturated soft clays.

레이저 레이더 센서를 이용한 철도 승강장 안전설비의 개발 (Development of Railway Platform Safety Equipment using Laser Radar Sensor)

  • 김유호;황종규;조현정;백종현;김백현;고태국
    • 전기학회논문지P
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    • 제62권2호
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    • pp.57-64
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    • 2013
  • Many accidents are being occurred due to many missteps, etc. at the railway platform. Recently in Korea, efforts to prevent casualties fundamentally are being made by installing and operating the PSD(Platform Screen Door) with underground station building as its center to prevent these casualties of passengers. Although this PSD can solve the problem of public casualties at platform fundamentally, it is impossible to install it at whole station buildings since its installation cost is high, and in case of the ground station building of general railway whose operation speed is higher, installation of PSD is impossible due to the characteristics of railway system. This paper proposes the novel safety equipment using Laser radar sensors for the prevention against casualties of passengers at station buildings where the PSDs are not installed like this. The safety equipment using Laser radar sensors is the safety equipment making an approaching train stopped if the falling object is a person by detecting the obstacle at platform through, and it has the merit possible to apply it to station buildings not only in the underground section but also in the ground section since it may detect accurately under ambient environmental elements such as the snow, rain and yellow dust, etc. also. We developed the prototype of the safety equipment to reduce public casualties at platform by using Laser radar sensors and carried out its performance test, and the result is presented in this paper.

고속열차의 지하정거장 통과 시 발생하는 공기역학적 영향에 대한 전산유체해석 연구 (A STUDY ON THE AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS WHEN A HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PASSING THROUGH AN UNDERGROUND STATION USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS)

  • 임광만;김영매;방명석;권혁빈
    • 한국전산유체공학회지
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2016
  • Dong-tan Station, shared by high-speed railway and urban express railway, is a very complicated underground station having 6 tracks together with barrier and shafts between them, therefore it seems very hard to investigate the aerodynamic effects including the pressure variation and train gust in the station when a high-speed train runs through it. In this study, the aerodynamic effects on the structures and platform passengers when a high-speed train runs through an underground station have been studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics. STAR-CCM+ has been employed for numerical simulation based on Navier-Stokes equation and 2-equation turbulence model and moving mesh scheme supported by STAR-CCM+ has also been used to represent the relative motion between a train and station. Based on the simulation results, the unsteady flow fields in the underground station induced by the high-speed train have been analyzed and the pressures on the PSDs and pressure variation at the platform have quantitatively assessed.

포장지역 강우유출수에서의 입자성물질의 입도 분포 및 중금속 특성에 관한 연구 (Characteristics of Particle Size Distribution and Heavy Metal Concentration in Pavement Road Runoff)

  • 박해미;김영준;고석오
    • 한국도로학회논문집
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    • 제11권3호
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    • pp.141-149
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구는 고속도로 강우 유출수에서 입도 크기 분포 특성(PSD)을 이해하기 위하여 수행하였다. 경기도내 4곳의 포장도로 지역에서 2번의 강우사상동안 강우유출수 샘플 모니터링을 수행하였고, 시료내 입자의 크기분포를 분석하였다. 또한, 강우량, 유량 및 각 오염물질들을 분석하였다. 시료내 입자의 시간별 변화농도는 강우유출수의 시작 시 높은 값을 보였다가 급속히 감소하였으며 탁도, 총부유물질, BOD, 총질소 및 총인과 같은 오염물질과 유사한 유출경향을 보여주었다. 특히 총부유물질과 탁도와의 높은 상관성을 보여주었다. 강우유출수와 퇴적물내에 포함된 중금속에 있어서 구리, 납, 아연은 높은 농도를 보였으며 대부분의 중금속은 넓이에 대한 부피의 비율이 큰 세립입자에 강하게 결합된 형태로 존재한다.

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Random vibration analysis of train-slab track-bridge coupling system under earthquakes

  • Zeng, Zhi-Ping;He, Xian-Feng;Zhao, Yan-Gang;Yu, Zhi-Wu;Chen, Ling-Kun;Xu, Wen-Tao;Lou, Ping
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제54권5호
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    • pp.1017-1044
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    • 2015
  • This study aimed to investigate the random vibration characteristic of train-slab track-bridge interaction system subjected to both track irregularities and earthquakes by use of pseudo-excitation method (PEM). Each vehicle subsystem was modeled by multibody dynamics. A three-dimensional rail-slab- girder-pier finite element model was created to simulate slab track and bridge subsystem. The equations of motion for the entire system were established based on the constraint condition of no jump between wheel and rail. The random load vectors of equations of motion were formulated by transforming track irregularities and seismic accelerations into a series of deterministic pseudo-excitations according to their respective power spectral density (PSD) functions by means of PEM. The time-dependent PSDs of random vibration responses of the system were obtained by step-by-step integration method, and the corresponding extreme values were estimated based on the first-passage failure criterion. As a case study, an ICE3 high-speed train passing a fifteen-span simply supported girder bridge simultaneously excited by track irregularities and earthquakes is presented. The evaluated extreme values and the PSD characteristic of the random vibration responses of bridge and train are analyzed, and the influences of train speed and track irregularities (without earthquakes) on the random vibration characteristic of bridge and train are discussed.

Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation and Reperfusion Cause Modifications of Postsynaptic Morphology and Activity in the CA3 Area of Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

  • Jung, Yeon Joo;Suh, Eun Cheng;Lee, Kyung Eun
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제16권6호
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    • pp.423-429
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    • 2012
  • Brain ischemia leads to overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, referred as excitotoxicity, which mediates neuronal cell death. However, less attention has been paid to changes in synaptic activity and morphology that could have an important impact on cell function and survival following ischemic insult. In this study, we investigated the effects of reperfusion after oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) not only upon neuronal cell death, but also on ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of postsynaptic density (PSD) protein, in the stratum lucidum of the CA3 area in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. After OGD/reperfusion, neurons were found to be damaged; the organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dendrites, and synaptic terminals were swollen; and the PSD became thicker and irregular. Ethanolic phosphotungstic acid staining showed that the density of PSD was significantly decreased, and the thickness and length of the PSD were significantly increased in the OGD/reperfusion group compared to the control. The levels of PSD proteins, including PSD-95, NMDA receptor 1, NMDA receptor 2B, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, were significantly decreased following OGD/reperfusion. These results suggest that OGD/reperfusion induces significant modifications to PSDs in the CA3 area of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, both morphologically and biochemically, and this may contribute to neuronal cell death and synaptic dysfunction after OGD/reperfusion.

Aerodynamic behaviour of double hinged articulated loading platforms

  • Zaheer, Mohd Moonis;Hasan, Syed Danish;Islam, Nazrul;Aslam, Moazzam
    • Ocean Systems Engineering
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.17-42
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    • 2021
  • Articulated loading platforms (ALPs) belongs to a class of offshore structures known as compliant. ALP motions have time periods falling in the wind excitation frequency range due to their compliant behaviour. This paper deals with the dynamic behavior of a double hinged ALP subjected to low-frequency wind forces with random waves. Nonlinear effects due to variable submergence, fluctuating buoyancy, variable added mass, and hydrodynamic forces are considered in the analysis. The random sea state is characterized by the Pierson-Moskowitz (P-M) spectrum. The wave forces on the submerged elements of the platform's shaft are calculated using Morison's Equation with Airy's linear wave theory ignoring diffraction effects. The fluctuating wind load has been estimated using Ochi and Shin wind velocity spectrum for offshore structures. The nonlinear dynamic equation of motion is solved in the time domain by the Wilson-θ method. The wind-structure interactions, along with the effect of various other parameters on the platform response, are investigated. The effect of offset of aerodynamic center (A.C.) with the center of gravity (C.G.) of platform superstructure has also been investigated. The outcome of the analyses indicates that low-frequency wind forces affect the response of ALP to a large extent, which otherwise is not enhanced in the presence of only waves. The mean wind modifies the mean position of the platform surge response to the positive side, causing an offset. Various power spectral densities (PSDs) under high and moderate sea states show that apart from the significant peak occurring at the two natural frequencies, other prominent peaks also appear at very low frequencies showing the influence of wind on the response.

동상민감성 판정 기준 신뢰성에 관한 연구 (Evaluation on the Reliability of Frost Susceptibility Criteria)

  • 진현우;유병현;이장근
    • 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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    • 제18권12호
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    • pp.37-45
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    • 2017
  • 구조물은 영하의 온도가 유지되는 겨울철에 동상으로 인해 크고 작은 피해가 발생한다. 동상은 동토지반의 가장 대표적인 공학적 특성으로 다양한 동상민감성 판정법이 존재한다. 동상민감성 판정법은 크게 3가지로 분류할 수 있다. 첫 번째 동상민감성은 입도분포를 이용하여 결정된다. 많은 국가들이 지반의 입도분포를 이용해 비교적 간편한 동상민감성 판정법을 현장에 적용하고 있다. 그러나 본 논문에서 몇 가지 시료의 입도분포를 이용해 동상민감성 판정 기준에 적용한 결과에 따르면 입도분포로 토질의 동상민감성을 판정하기에는 다소 무리가 있다. 두 번째로는 동상시험에 의한 동상민감성 판정법이다. 새롭게 개발된 온도제어형 삼축셀을 이용한 동상 실내시험을 통해 동상민감성 기준 신뢰성을 분석하였다. 새롭게 개발된 장비와 시험방법은 기존에 제시하고 있는 동상민감성 판정 기준을 충족하는 것으로 판단되었다. 세 번째로는 복합적인 동상민감성 판정법으로 흙의 입도분포, 분류, 그리고 동상시험을 고려한 복합적인 동상민감성 판정 기준 그래프를 제시하고 있다. 본 논문에서 몇 가지 시료에 대해 복합적인 동상민감성 판정 기준에 적용한 결과 다양한 토질에 대한 추가적인 데이터를 바탕으로 복합적인 동상민감성 판정 그래프를 보완해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

Evaluation of Low-cost MEMS Acceleration Sensors to Detect Earthquakes

  • Lee, Jangsoo;Kwon, Young-Woo
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.73-79
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    • 2020
  • 한반도에서 점차 증가하는 지진으로 지진을 빠르고 정확하게 감지하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 기상청에서 운영하는 기존 관측소는 설치와 운영에 많은 비용이 요구되어 오늘날 저가의 센서를 사용하여 지진을 감지하기 위한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 논문에서는 스마트폰에 설치된 저가의 MEMS 가속도 센서를 활용하여 지진 관측자료 생성 및 지진 감지 체계를 구축할 수 있는지에 대해 평가한다. 가속도 센서 분석을 위하여 국내의 여러 위치에 설치하여 가속도 데이터를 수집하였으며, PSD 계산을 통하여 각 센서의 바닥 잡음 수준을 파악한다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 기존 MEMS 가속도 센서의 바닥 잡음 수준과 지진 감지를 위한 노이즈 모델과 비교하여 MEMS 센서가 감지할 수 있는 지진의 규모를 파악한다. 다양한 종류의 건물에 부착된 280 여 개의 가속도 센서 중 200 개의 센서로부터 데이터를 지난 수 개월 간 수집 하였으며 PSD 계산을 통하여 설치된 스마트폰의 MEMS 가속도 센서는 10Km 이내에서 발생하는 규모 3.5 이상의 지진을 관측 할 수 있음을 파악하였다. 지난 몇 개월간의 운영 기간 동안, 스마트폰 가속도 센서는 2019년, 12월 30일 밀양에서 발생한 규모 3.5의 지진을 기록하였으며 지진 감지 기법 중 하나인 STA/LTA 기법에 의해서 지진이 감지됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 제안하는 MEMS 가속도 센서를 사용한 지진 감지 체계는 점차 증가하는 지진을 더욱 빠르고 정확하게 감지할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

주행 안전을 고려한 고속철도 자갈궤도 및 콘크리트궤도 레일패드의 강성 상한 결정 (Determination of Upper Limit of Rail Pad Stiffness for Ballasted and Concrete Track of High-Speed Railway Considering Running Safety)

  • 양신추;장승엽;김은
    • 한국철도학회논문집
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    • 제14권6호
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    • pp.526-534
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는 고속철도의 자갈궤도와 콘크리트궤도에서 열차 주행 안전 측면에서 관리해야 할 레일패드 강성의 상한값을 차량 및 궤도의 동특성과 운영환경을 고려하여 결정하는 방법을 제시하였다. 차량-궤도의 상호작용해석의 중요 입력 파라메타인 궤도틀림과 관련하여 프랑스 및 독일에서 제시한 고저틀림 PSD(파워 스펙트럼 밀도)와 경부고속철도 1단계 구간 자갈궤도 및 콘크리트궤도에서 계측한 고저틀림 자료를 통하여 얻은 PSD를 기초로 하여 넓은 범위의 주파수 영역에서 적용할 수 있는 자갈궤도와 콘크리트궤도의 고저틀림 PSD를 제시하였다. 제시된 PSD 기준 모델을 사용하여 시간 영역에서의 고저틀림 입력을 난수 생성(random number generation)을 통하여 구한 후 차량-궤도 상호작용 해석기법을 사용하여 레일패드 강성에 따른 윤중 감소율을 산정하였다. 산정된 윤중 감소율에 대하여 국내 철도차량 안전기준에 관한 규칙의 탈선계수 규정을 적용하여 주행 안전 측면에서 허용할 수 있는 레일패드 강성의 상한값을 제시하였다.