• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2001

Due to international law the Antarctic is currently the best protected large ecosystem on earth, providing the opportunity for scientific research into processes of both regional and global importance. However, it is impossible to carry out research activities without minor disturbances to the environment. The Weddell Sea with its shelf inhabiting fauna can be considered to be representative for the entire Antarctic shelf with exceptions. It has generally escaped major anthropogenic impact but it is the only area in the high latitude Antarctic where long-term research fishing has been carried out. There are two main results combining aspects of nature conservation and benthos research. Firstly, the use of dredges has clearly decreased over the last two decades, whilst the use of non-invasive underwater photography and video has significantly increased. Secondly, during the same period icebergs destroyed an area of the seafloor and its fauna more than 2000-times greater than the area affected by research trawls. The increased use of imaging methods, Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and other modem instruments, as well as statistically based and coordinated sampling strategies can contribute to both a better understanding of ecosystem function and to an ongoing reduction in anthropogenic impact.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.551-561
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• 2018

Footprint is defined as ground area that is projected from the outer edges of the battle space protected by a defence system. This concept can be effectively used for making decisions on site selection of anti missile systems to defend against enemy's ballistic missiles. In this paper, simulations of ballistic missile trajectories based on various launch conditions are performed first and then the footprint is derived with engagement zone set as a boundary condition. Results of the simulation with various relative positions between the defense system and defended asset are also presented. The proposed method, in which the trajectories are generated based on launch point of the ballistic missile, has an advantage of approximating the defended area close to reality. Two applications are introduced in the present paper to describe how the derivation of defended area could be utilized in deployment decision of defense systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.143-155
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• 2011

Recently, in forest areas of Gyeonggi-Do where golf courses are developed indiscriminately due to the rapid increase in demand, two and three golf courses are being concentrated and combined to develop and it's occurring lots of problems. This study therefore, aims to examine their problems and propose environment-friendly improvements of combined development, by analyzing laws related to golf course's location and the current location status. The results of this study are as followings; Firstly, when analyzing related laws, it was found that unified standards should be established in relation to regulation of the external conditions of golf course sites and individual index. Secondly, standards of a proper separated distance are needed, when developing golf courses. Thirdly, we need to preferentially preserve areas where should be protected environmentally, and establish criteria approving golf courses built close to the boundary of a buffer area only, by introducing the concepts of a buffer area based on the UNESCO MAB. Lastly, we have to set up criteria considering Network elements for maintaining the connectivity of the ecosystem.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2002

The local storm occurred Nakdong river basin from August 4 to 11 of the year 2002, resulting in a record 500-600mm rainfall. The heavy rain continued for more than 10 days and especially between 3 to 4 am of August 9, 50mm per hour local storm occurred in Hanrim-myun area, Kimhae. 8 days after the storm, the water level of Nakdong river rose rapidly and the river flowed backward the branches. T he draining of the protected low wetland was unable and the water level of the inner bank area rose suddenly, causing the inundation in several areas. Baeksan bank of Nam river, Gahyun(Samhak) bank of Hwang river, and Kwangam bank of Shinban river, where the draining facilities were under construction or constructed recently, were failed by the piping around the draining culvert. This study analyze the cause of the damage in Nakdong river banks and suggests the countermeasures for future improvement. The damaged spot of the river bank was surveyed, and the rainfall and the fluctuation in the water levels were reviewed. Finally for the flood inundation prevention at the inner bank area, new floodplain management plan as the protect of low wetland established.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2021

Mushroom survey and collection were conducted in the Dong Hua Sao National Biodiversity Conservation Area (DHSNBCA), which is located about 30 km east of Pakse and about 10 km south of the town of Paksong, Champasak Province of Lao-PDR, from from at the early July to October in 2019. During this periods, mushroom specimens were collected from 6 different locations, and then they were identified and classified into 103 species, 74 genera, 37 families, 15 orders and 6 classes by morphological and molecular analyses. The mushrooms belongs to Ascomycota were classified into 10 species, 6 genera, 4 families, 3 orders and 2 classes, while those belongs to Basidiomycota were classified into 92 species, 67 genera, 32 families, 11 orders, and 3 classes, respectively. In addition, 1 species of Myxomycota was also identified. Among these mushrooms, the most species-rich families are Marasmiaceae (17.3%), Polyporaceae (13.1%), Mycenaceae (8.9%), Agricaceae (8.3%), Xylariaceae (6.5%), Auriculariaceae (4.8%), Ganodermtaceae (3.6%), Dacrymycetaceae (3.0%), Meruliaceae (3.0%), Russulaceae (3.0%) and comprised 71.4% of the total specimens identified.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.426-429
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• 2007

One of the widely used applications of remote sensing studies is environmental change detection and biodiversity conservation. The study area Hustai Mountain is situated in the transition zone between the Siberian taiga forest and Central Mongolian arid steppe. Hustai National Park carries out one of several reintroduction programs of takhi (wild horse or Equus ferus przewalskii) from various zoos in the world and it represents one of a few textbook examples of successful reintroduction of an animal extinct in the wild. In this paper we describe the results of an analysis on the change of remaining forest area over the 7-year period since Hustai Mountain was designated as a protected area for reintroduction to wild horses. Today the forested area covers approximately 5% of the Hustai National Park, mostly the north-facing slopes above 1400 m altitude. Birch (Betula platyphylla) and aspen (Populus tremula) trees are predominant in the forest. We used Landsat ETM+ images from two different years and multi temporal MODIS NDVI data. Land types were determined by supervised classification methods (Maximum Likelihood algorithm) verified with ground-truthing data and the Land Change Modeler (LCM) which was developed by Clark Labs. Forested area was classified into three different land types, namely the forest land, mountain meadow and mountain steppe. The study results illustrate that the remaining birch forest has rapidly changed to fragmented forest land and to open areas. Underlying causes for such a rapid change during the 15-year period may be manifold. However, the responsible factors appear to be the drying off and outbreak of forest pest species (such as gypsy moth or Lymantria dispar) in the area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.158-170
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• 1998

In this study, we divide greenspace in Suwon city into three parts, that is, the conservation part, the maintenance part and the creation part by considering the quantitative aspect of greenspace and the present targets. To do it, two steps are taken. Firstly, assuming that the target year is 2007, the final target of greenspace area is established by combining targets presented in present state survey, the evaluation of resident perception and the future population estimates. The target of greenspace area in present state survey is 7,887,062$m^2$+$\alpha$ and that of greenspace area demanded in the evaluation of resident perception is 8,242,419$m^2$. Demand of greenspace area based on population estimates is 4,227,513$m^2$. When the greenspace needed in the city is added, the target may be more than 8,242,419$m^2$ which is demanded in the evaluation of resident perception. Outcome of the present state survey, 7,887,062$m^2$ + $\alpha$, is considered to be enough to accomodate the greenspace area demanded in the evaluation of resident perception and the population estimates. Therefore, targets of greenspace in Suwon City was established based on the area of greenspace analyzed in the present state survey. Secondly, the target of greenspace is divided into three parts, that is, the conservation part, the maintenance part and creation part. And the methods to attain the target are presented. In order to set desirable targets of urban greenspace, it is necessary to combine the outcome of present state survey, the resident perception, the population estimates and the various urban conditions. If the results of this study are applied to the urban planning or other related planning, the urban ecosystem will be protected and the biotope will be created.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 1991

Nakdong estuary provides the largest wintering grounds for migrating waterfowls in Korea, and was designated Natural Monument No. 179 in 1966. Nakdong barrage and related construction-projects finished in 1987 to increase freshwater-supply to nearby Pusan metropolitan area and to reclaim the vast intertidal areas for land development. Changes on distribution, primary productivity, and standing crop of Schoenopluctus triqueter, the dominant species in this intertidal flats, were investigated after the construciton, during the 1988-1990, and were compared to those before the construction. Total standing crop. tuber biomass and net primary productivity of S. triqueter increased in 1988 and 1989, but decreased slightly in 1990. Increase of tuber biomass means an increase in available food, thus the carrying capacity, for swans wintering in this area. Habitat environment of this estuary should be protected and managed as a wintering ground for migrating waterfowls, inspite of the construction of the barrage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.204-224
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of the protected area for forest genetic resource conservation in the Korea national Baekdudaegan arboretum. The vascular plants collected 12 times (from April 2007 to August 2014) were consisted of total 569 taxa; 89 families, 289 genera, 489 species, 5 subspecies, 66 varieties and 9 forms respectively. The 20 taxa of Korean endemic plants and 21 taxa of Korean rare plants were investigated. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 112 taxa comprising 2 taxa of grade V, 8 taxa of grade IV, 23 taxa of grade III, 40 taxa of grade II, 39 taxa of grade I. The introduced and naturalized plants were counted as 22 taxa, therefore naturalized ratio was 3.8%. 577 taxa listed consists of 223 taxa (39.2%) of edible plants, 168 taxa (29.5%) of medicinal plants, 202 taxa (35.5%) of pasture plants, 58 taxa (10.2%) of ornamental plants, 26 taxa (4.6%) of timber plants, 5 taxa (0.9%) of fiber plants and 4 taxa (0.7%) of industrial plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.289-302
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• 2018

The study investigated the forest vegetation in 59 plots between June 2017 and August 2017 to understand the forest vegetation structure of the protected zone for forest genetic resource conservation (forest genetic resource reserve area) in Heuksando Island. We classified the vegetation using the Z-M phytosociological method analyzed the importance value and species diversity of each vegetation classification. The analysis showed the Camellia japonica community group at a top level of forest vegetation hierarchy. In the level of community, it was classified into Dendropanax morbiferus community (Vegetation unit 1; VU 1), Carpinus turczaninowii community, and C. japonica typical community (VU 6). C. turczaninowii community was subdivided into Buxus koreana group (VU 2), Rhododendron mucronulatum group (VU 3), Vitis amurensis group (VU 4) and C. turczaninowii typical group (VU 5). Therefore, it was classified into a total of six vegetation units (one community group, three communities, and four groups). The analysis of the mean codominant value of each VU show that Quercus acuta was the highest in VU 1, C. turczaninowii in VU 2, Pinus thunbergii in VU 3, Pinus densiflora in VU 4, and Castanopsis sieboldii in VU 5 and VU 6. The analysis of species diversity showed that VU 2 was the highest among six units in species richness index, species diversity index, and species evenness index. VU 6 showed the highest among six units in species dominance index. In conclusion, a synecology approach to manage six units and twelve species groups was needed for the forest vegetation of Heuksando Island protected area for forest genetic resource conservation.