• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.1002-1007
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper studied the optimal hydrogen production condition of plasma reforming system to operate the PEMFC. Plasma reforming reactor used with Ni catalyst reactor at the same time, So $H_2$ concentration increased. Also the WGS and PrOx reactor were designed to remove CO concentration under 10 ppm, because CO has effect on catalyst poisoning of PEMFC. The maximum $H_2$ production condition in plasma reforming system was S/C ratio 3.2, $CH_4$ flow rate 2.0 L/min, catalytic reactor temperature $700{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ and input power 900 W. At this time, the concentration of produced syngas was $H_2$ 70.2%, CO 7.5%, $CO_2$ 16.2%,$CH_4$ 1.8%. The hydrogen yield, hydrogen selectivity and $CH_4$ conversion rate were 56.8%, 38.1% and 92.2% respectively. The energy efficiency and specific energy requirement were 37.0%, 183.6 kJ/mol. In additional, The experiment of $CO_2/CH_4$ ratio proceeded. Also WGS reactor experiment was proceeding on optimum condition of plasma reactor and the exit concentration were $H_2$ 68%, CO 337 ppm, $CO_2$ 24.0%, $CH_4$ 2.2%, $C_2H_4$ 0.4%, $C_2H_6$ 4.1%. At this time, experiment result of PrOx reactor were $H_2$ 51.9%, CO 0%, $CO_2$ 17.3%.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.12-18
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• 2003

Various measures have been tried to reduce the NOx emission from diesel engine, but with partial success because the mechanisms of NOx and PM formations appear to have trade-off relation between each other. Therefore it has been known to be difficult to reduce NOx emission and PM emission simultaneously. Two stage combustion method i,e. a combustion process which has rich combustion stage and lean combustion stage one by one, has been developed successfully to reduce NOx formation in the continuous combustion chambers such as in the boilers. But until yet it is not successful to apply the same method in intermittent combustion chamber like in the diesel engine cylinder, as it was, only several research works were carried out. In this study, devised was a uniquely shaped combustion chamber with reformed piston crown intended to keep fuel-rich condition during early stage of combustion and fuel-lean condition during next stage. It was found that the NOx emission decreased significantly at various conditions of operation with the two stage combustion type engines of PR20 type, but other values such as smoke, CO and specific fuel consumption deteriorated as usual.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.2022-2029
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• 1995

The experiment was performed by using the condenser discharge ignition device in a constant volume combustion chamber for high pressure, equivalent to the TDC of spark ignition engine, which makes the forced turbulent field possible. The conclusions obtained under various initial pressures, initial temperatures, and turbulent conditions of the methanol-air mixture are as follows : As initial pressure, initial temperature of the mixture, and the ignition energy increase, the inflammability limit expands, but the lean inflammability limit decreases as turbulence intensity increases. Combustion duration is shorter in the case of the lower initial pressure, the higher initial temperature, an equivalence ratio of 1.1-1.2, and even though turbulence intensity increases up to optimum value. Maximum combustion pressure increases in turbulent ambience under the same mixture condition, only in the case each optimum turbulence intensity exists under every condition. As the turbulence intensity increases .tau.$_{10}$ proportion increases while the .tau.$_{pr}$ proportion decreases....

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the current condition of green building education, which is a necessary condition to activate green architecture, with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector. The main results are as follows. First, the level of education and the level of domestic green architecture were generally underestimated. Second, in order to increase the satisfaction of participants in green building education, it is necessary to increase the number of courses and to increase the number of lecturers who have excellent practical skills. Third, there is a need to strengthen green building programs related to BEMS and green remodeling. Fourth, it is necessary to expand the education on green architecture for the people in the architectural planning and design field and the related field officials. Fifth, green building education needs to be implemented in conjunction with curriculum of elementary, middle and high school. Sixth, it is necessary to diversify the PR(public relations) channels of the green building education program and to provide a way to give the employment increase point when the curriculum is completed. Seventh, there is a need to expand administrative and financial incentives for green architecture in order to revitalize green architecture education.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.59-68
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• 2003

Character industry which introduces marketing techniques into cultural level and recreational tendency owned by man and which develops them to industrial aspects is not simple sale of goods, but knowledge-intensive industry which asks consumers intangible symbolic elements. In other words, it is a field of soft business which concretizes and maximizes ideas, goods and services which can satisfy pleasure and recreational tendency internal to human mind. For Korean character industry, forms or expressions proper to character not only have weak character, meaning or values as goods from the stage at which they are developed, but the absence of strategies about media by which to develop these or integrative character marketing strategies and tactics makes a ripple effect of character or strategies of merchandising it relatively inferior compared to the advanced countries in character such as the United States, Japan, England and so on. 1 want to contribute to developing Korean character industry to the levels of developed countries by applying the strategies and tactics of MPR, the strategic marketing method which worldwide famous enterprises or brands are positively utilizing in the condition of the lad(Eng study on character marketing with character as the subject, to character marketing strategies by which they can be grafted directly into fields of character business.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2010

The effect of Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and Rahnella aquatilis Ra39 against apple fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora were tested as a possible alternative to streptomycin. In vitro studies, no inhibition effect against the pathogen was found when ASM was tested. Under greenhouse conditions, application of R. aquatilis Ra39 with the highly susceptible M26 rootstock resulted in a marked disease suppression. Application of ASM and strain Ra39 caused a high decrease of the disease, 82% and 58% respectively; this was correlated with a reduction of the growth of the pathogen within host plants up to 64% and 49.5% respectively. Further studies in the field under artificial infection condition during full bloom revealed that application of ASM and R. aquatilis Ra39 with Gala variety resulted in a control effect up to 21 and 29% respectively. In physiological studies, enhanced activities of PR-proteins (chitinase and $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase) were detected, which are well known as biochemical markers for systemic acquired resistance. Application of ASM to apple shoots caused the highest chitinase activity followed by strain Ra39. The enzyme activity was increased after 2, 4 and 6 days from application. In addition, ASM-treatment caused the higher $\beta$-1, 3-glucanase activity than strain Ra39. Maximum enzyme activity was recorded after 6 days from application and then decreased after 8 and 10 days from application.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.194-203
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• 2009

$HpaG_{Xooc}$, from rice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is a member of the harpin group of proteins, eliciting hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants, inducing disease and insect resistance in plants, and enhancing plant growth. To express and secret the $HpaG_{Xooc}$ protein in Bacillus subtilis, we constructed a recombinant expression vector pM43HF with stronger promoter P43 and signal peptide element nprB. The SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of the protein $HpaG_{Xooc}$ in B. subtilis. The ELISA analysis determined the optimum condition for $HpaG_{Xooc}$ expression in B. subtilis WBHF. The biological function analysis indicated that the protein $HpaG_{Xooc}$ from B. subtilis WBHF elicits hypersensitive response(HR) and enhances the growth of tobacco. The results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that $HpaG_{Xooc}$ induces expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-1a and PR-1b in plant defense response.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 2015

Objective: To assess compliance with Korean guidelines for embryo transfer, the possible reasons for non-compliance, and multiple pregnancies according to each specific condition in compliant cycles. Methods: A single-institution, retrospective study was conducted of 256 fresh in vitro fertilization cycles during 2012-2014. To assess compliance with Korean guidelines, the maximum recommended number of embryos transferred (according to criteria of age, transfer day, and presence of favorable conditions) was compared with the actual number of embryos transferred. Clinical pregnancy rate (PR) was assessed as the percentage of pregnant women resulting from each set of transfer conditions, including the number of embryos transferred. The multiple pregnancy rate (MPR) was calculated as the percentage of pregnant women with a multifetal pregnancy. Results: The compliance rate with the Korean guidelines was 96.5% (247/256). Non-compliance occurred in nine cycles owing to poor embryo quality, repeated implantation failure, or hostile endometrium. In compliant cycles, the PR was 31.2% (77/247), and the MPR was 27.3% (21/77; 20 twins and one triplet). Higher MPR was noted in two types of transfer conditions: transfer of three cleavage embryos in women aged 35-39 years with favorable conditions (66.7%; primarily from those aged 35-37 years) and transfer of two blastocysts in women aged ${\geq}40$ years with favorable conditions (50%). Conclusion: Under the Korean guidelines, compliance rate was high in our center. Multiple pregnancies occurred primarily in group with favorable conditions. In high-risk groups for multiple pregnancies, reducing number of embryos transferred should be considered than suggested in the guideline.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.1038-1042
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• 1998

Mechanical grinding and subsequent annealing were applied to the $Nd_5Pr_7Fe_{82}B_6$ and $Nd_{12}Fe_{82}B_6$ ingots, and the crystal structure and magnetic properties were investigated. After 330 hours milling, the particles with $2~3\mu\textrm{m}$average size were identified to be composed of very fine crystallites judging from the x-ray diffraction patterns. The intrinsic coercivity of 18.36 ~ 18.79 kOe and the maximum energy product of 8.32-8.38 MGOe were obtained by the annealing of the milled powders at $600^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Annealing at a higher temperature resulted in the improved magnetic properties. However it was revealed that the control of the micro-crystallites formed during the grinding process was more important to get an optimized magnetic properties than the annealing condition.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2012

The dehydration schemes of rare earth (La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Sm. Eu, Gd, Y) chloride hydrates was investigated by using a dehydration apparatus. To prevent the formation of the rare earth oxychlorides, the operation temperature was changed step by step ($80{\rightarrow}150{\rightarrow}230^{\circ}C$) based on the TGA (thermo-gravimetric analysis) results of the rare earth chloride hydrates. A vacuum pump and preheated Ar gas were used to effectively remove the evaporated moisture and maintain an inert condition in the dehydration apparatus. The dehydration temperature of the rare earth chloride hydrate was increased when the atomic number of the rare earth nuclide was increased. The content of the moisture in the rare earth chloride hydrate was decreased below 10% in the dehydration apparatus.