• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.34-46
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• 2008

Emissions inputs for use in air quality modeling of Korea were generated with the emissions inventory data from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), maintained under the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) database. Source Classification Codes (SCC) in the Korea emissions inventory were adapted to use with the U.S. EPA's Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) by finding the best-matching SMOKE default SCCs for the chemical speciation and temporal allocation. A set of 19 surrogate spatial allocation factors for South Korea were developed utilizing the Multi-scale Integrated Modeling System (MIMS) Spatial Allocator and Korean GIS databases. The mobile and area source emissions data, after temporal allocation, show typical sinusoidal diurnal variations with high peaks during daytime, while point source emissions show weak diurnal variations. The model-ready emissions are speciated for the carbon bond version 4 (CB-4) chemical mechanism. Volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions from painting related industries in area source category significantly contribute to TOL (Toluene) and XYL (Xylene) emissions. ETH (Ethylene) emissions are largely contributed from point industrial incineration facilities and various mobile sources. On the other hand, a large portion of OLE (Olefin) emissions are speciated from mobile sources in addition to those contributed by the polypropylene industry in point source. It was found that FORM (Formaldehyde) is mostly emitted from petroleum industry and heavy duty diesel vehicles. Chemical speciation of PM2.5 emissions shows that PEC (primary fine elemental carbon) and POA (primary fine organic aerosol) are the most abundant species from diesel and gasoline vehicles. To reduce uncertainties in processing the Korea emission inventory due to the mapping of Korean SCCs to those of U.S., it would be practical to develop and use domestic source profiles for the top 10 SCCs for area and point sources and top 5 SCCs for on-road mobile sources when VOC emissions from the sources are more than 90% of the total.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2010

우리나라 골프장에 조성된 한지형 잔디 5종류 38품종에 대하여 액상아미노산비료가 봄철 green up 촉진에 미치는 효과를 잔디포장에서 잔디 색(Index)과 생육지수(NDVI)로 평가하였다. 잔디 색은 처리 간에 통계적인 유의성의 차이를 보였다. 5종의 잔디와 품종에서 액상아미노산비료(Ami, Amix) 와 키토올리고아미노산비료(Oligo)가 고형 복합비료(Con)보다는 greenup을 촉진시키는 효과가 있었다. 잔디생육지수도 처리 간에 통계적인 유의성의 차이를 보였다. 5종의 잔디와 품종에서 Ami, Amix 와 Oligo 가 Con보다는 greenup을 촉진시키는 효과가 있었다. 본 시험의 결과로 볼 때 봄철 잔디의 greenup 촉진을 위해서는 Con보다는 Ami, Amix 및 Oligo 처리가 효과가 있었다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2010

한지형 잔디 5종류의 45품종에 대하여 봄철 greenup 과 회복율을 평가하였다. Greenup 평가를 위하여 잔디 색과 생장지수(NDVI)을 조사하였다. 잔디 색과 생장지수는 잔디의 종류와 품종 간에 통계적인 유의성의 차이를 보였다. 잔디 색은 Kentucky bluegrass 20 품종에서만 유의성의 차이를 보였으며, 잔디생장지수에서는 Kentucky bluegrass 20품종 과 Tall fescue 6 품종에서 유의성의 차이를 보였다. 봄철 잔디가 살아서 지면을 덮는 회복율은 Creeping bentrgass와 fineleaf fescue 품종 간에 유의성의 차이가 있었다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2009

광주광역시 도심 영산강 수계의 관속식물은 91과 265속 386종 49변종 및 2품종으로 총 437분류군이 확인되었다. 수생식물 중 정수식물은 16분류군, 부엽식물은 10분류군, 침수식물은 10분류군, 부유식물은 3분류군 그리고 습생식물은 14분류군으로 총 53분류군이었다. 희귀 및 멸종위기종은 자라풀, 가시연꽃, 낙지다리, 왕벚나무, 좀어리연꽃 등 5분류군이었다. 특정식물종 I급종은 10분류군, II급종 2분류군, III급종 2분류군, IV급종 3분류군 그리고 V급종 5분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 15과 44속 59종 3변종으로 총 62분류군이 확인되었고 귀화율은 14.19%였다. 환경부 생태계 교란종은 돼지풀, 물참새피 및 도깨비가지 등이었다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 1994

Incidence of Rhizoctonia blight ranged from 22.2% to 100% in the golf courses at six geographical locations in Korea from 1989 to 1993. Rhizoctonia blight occurred more severly in southern area than in northern area. Fifty seven isolates of Rhizoctonia solani obtained from diseased parts of zoysiagrasses were grouped to AG2-2 by anastomosis test. Pathogenicity testes revealed that this pathogen was strongly pathogenic to Korean lawngrasses(Zoysia japonica, Z. matrella, Z. tenuifolia), but not pathogenic to creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris), bermuldagrass(Cynodon dactylon), Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis), perennial ryegrass(Lolium prenne), and creeping red fescue(Festuca rubra subsp. rubra L.). The isolation frequency of R. solani AG2-2 fro sheaths of the infected plants was the highest by 91.67%, and that from stolons and roots was 11.13% and 5.63% respectively. The pathogen was not isolated from the leaves. Population density of R. solani in the lawn of large circular patch was highest on surface soils down to 1 cm deep with the value of 4.9$\times$104 (CFU/g soil), but below 1 cm population density decreased sharply down to 0.8~9.8$\times$103 (CFU/g soil). Horizontal distribution of propagules in turfgrass soil was higher in the margin than in center of patch, where the number of propagules was similar to these of healthy looking soils close to the margin of diseased patch. The meteorological factors influencing the outbreak of the disease were temperature, the number of rainy days and precipitation. Optimum temperature for disease development of Rhizoctonia blight in field was 20~22$^{\circ}C$, and that for hyphal growth of R. solani AG2-2 in vitro was 25~3$0^{\circ}C$. In Pusan area, Rhizoctonia blight first occurred in late April and rapidly developed in late June. The disease slightly decreased during July to August and developed again in late September in 1993. The monthly disease progress in Pusan area was similar to that in Kyeonggi province.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.112-118
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• 1999

Eleven species of Pythium were isolated from leaf blight symptoms on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustirs Huds.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratenisis L.) and zoysiagrasses (Zoysia japonica Steud., and Z. matrella (L.) Merr.) planted on golf courses in Korea. Mycelial growth on potato carrot agar medium under various temperature conditions indicated that Pythium species obtained in this study could be divided into four groups based on their responses to temperature conditions. P. vanterpoolii was found to favor low temperature conditions with the optimum temperature of $25^{\circ}$, whereas P. aphanidermatum and P. myriotylum favored relatively high temperature conditions with the optimum temperature of $35^{\circ}$. Other species including P. arrhenomanes, P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, P. oligandrum, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, and P. ultimum were the intermediate group with the optimum temperature of 25~$35^{\circ}$. P. periplocum was similar to the intermediate group but the minimum temperature for its mycelial growth was $15^{\circ}$, which was approximately $5^{\circ}$ above that for the intermediate Pythium spp.group. In the pathogenicity tests conducted in the lab using potted plants, P. aphanidermatum, P.a arrhenomanes, P. catenulatum, P. graminicola, P. myriotylum, P. periplocum, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, P. ultimum, and P. vanterpoolii were found to be pathogenic to creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass. P. aphanidermatum, P. catenulatum, and P. graminicola were frequently isolated from leaf blight symptoms of creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass in golf courses during the warm and humid periods in July-August. On the other hand, P. vanterpoolii and P. torulosum were frequently isolated during the cool and humid periods in March-May, suggesting both species might be the major causes of leaf blight occurring in the spring time. Zoysiagrass was susceptible to P. arrhenomanes and the heterothallic Pythium sp. (Ht-F), showing stem and crown rot of turf-grasses at poorly drained areas under coool and humid or rainy conditions. P. oligandrum and the heterothallic Pythium sp. (Ht-L) isolated from creeping bentgrass were avirulent to all species of turfgrasses tested in this study.

• 한국잔디학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국잔디학회 2002년도 제15차 한국잔디학회 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.3-5
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• 2002

This study was carried out to get better understandings about morphological, ecological, and genetical characteristics of annual bluegrass collected from different golf courses in Korea and eventually to establish a successful control strategy. Twenty five local lines of annual bluegrass collected from 20 golf courses in Korea were classified into annual or perennial type on the basis of morphological characteristics. Twelve local lines showing obvious morphological differences were selected and then genetically assessed using RAPD analysis. Classification of the 12 local lines through RAPD analysis were considerably similar to that determined by both of morphological differences and phenotype. Responses of the two types of annual blugrass to herbicides were also examined. Shoot growth of annual bluegrass was significantly suppressed by flazasulfuron and the annual type was more susceptible than perennial type, regardless of flazasulfuron concentrations used. By pendimethalin treatment, there was no clear difference in susceptibility between the two types of annual bluegrass. However, by the treatment of dithiopyr, annual type was more sensitive than perennial type in both shoot and root growth. Nine tree species were screened to detect their allelopathic potential on turfgrasses and annual bluegrass. Acacia (Robinia pseudo-acacia) leaves showed selective inhibition in the shoot and root growth as well as their seed germination when treated with 2% and 10%(v/v) of the extract. However, the other leaf extracts except acacia inhibited non-selectively the growth of three turfgrass species such as bentgrass, perennial ryegrass and zoysiagrass and annual bluegrass. The PAL activities of annual bluegrass increased at 24 h after treatment of acacia leaf extract and peaked at 36 h and then decreased till 60h. The highest PAL activity was observed at 36h after treatment of 10%. The highest activity of CA4H in annual bluegrass was observed at 2h after treatment of acacia extract and the level was 4 times greater than that of the control. The phenolic acids such as p-coumaric acid, salicylic acid and ferulic acid were increased with the treatment of acacia leaf extract. The chloroplast membrane and cell wall of annual bluegrass were destroyed by treatment of acacia leaf extract and its inner materials were released. The membranes in annual bluegrass cells might be destroyed by phytotoxic compounds from acacia leaf extract.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.235-252
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• 1995

Turfgrass Rhizoctonia blight is a severe disease in golf courses in Korea. Attempts were made in 1989 to 1994 to identify the Rhizoctonia species associated with turfgrass blights and also to examine their epidemiology. A total of 120 Rhizoctonia isolates collected were identified as R. solani AG1, R. solani AG2-2, R. cerealis(AG-D) and R. oryzas from brown patch, large patch, yellow patch and white patch, re-spectively. R. solani AG1 was mostly associated with brown patch of cool-season grasses. and most frequently isolated in June through July and also in September. R. solani AG2-2 was isolated exclusively from zoysiagrasses from April to November, most frequently in June through July and October through November. R. cerealis was isolated frequently from both creeping hentgrass in March through April and in November, and zoysiagrass in April and July. Thermophilic R. oryzae was isolated only from creeping bentgrass in August, although with very low frequency. R. solani AG2-2 was strongly pathogenic specifically to Korean lawngrasses(Zoysia japonica, Z.matrella, Z. tenuifolia), but non-pathogenic to creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), Kentucky bluegrass(Poa pratensis), perennial ryegrass(Lolium prenne), and creeping red fescue(Festuca rubra subsp. ruhra L.). R. cerealis was strongly pathogenic to zoysiagrass and bentgrass only, but was isolate-specific i.e., from non-pathogenic to pathogenic, for other turfgrasses. The mycelial growth was optimum at relatively high temperature ranges of 25~30$^{\circ}C$ for R.solani AG1, AG2-2 and R. oryzae, while the mycelial growth of R. cerealis was initiated at $^{\circ}C$ and almost ceased at or above $^{\circ}C$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2021

To compare the vitality among cool-season turfgrasses under summer weather conditions and to obtain information to improve the management of turfgrasses in golf courses and sports fields., the chlorophyll fluorescence of three cool-season turfgrasses commonly planted on golf courses in the Jeju area was measured. The turfgrasses were perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). In perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, the chlorophyll index was low in early summer and high in late summer. In creeping bentgrass, it remained low throughout the study. Fo tended to be low in the early summer and high in late summer in the three turfgrasses. However, the difference in F_o between late summer and early summer was markedly higher in perennial ryegrass than in Kentucky bluegrass or creeping bentgrass. F_m tended to be low in early summer and high in late summer, without obvious differences among the three turfgrasses. F_v/F_m, a measure of photochemical efficiency, was also low in early summer and high in late summer in the three turfgrasses. However, F_v/F_m in late summer was mostly higher in Kentucky bluegrass and creeping bentgrass than in perennial ryegrass, indicating that the former are more resistant to the high temperature and humidity of late summer. Furthermore, Kentucky bluegrass had a high chlorophyll index in late summer and would be most resistant to the harsh conditions of late summer.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2005

제주지역에서 파종기 이동(3월 16일$\cdot$26일, 4 월 5일$\cdot$15일$\cdot$25일)에 따른 Creeping bentgrass 의 식생변화를 구명하기 위하여 2004년 3월 16 일부터 7월 6일까지 시험하였다. 초장은 3월 16 일 파종에서 22.7cm 이였으나, 만파할수록 초장은 짧아져서 4월 25일 파종에서 초장은 16.6cm 였고, 근장 및 엽록소 측정치는 초장반응과 비슷한 경향이었다. 파종기가 3월 16일에서 4월 25일로 지연됨에 따라 엽중은 1,373kg에서 990kg/10a로, 근중은 2,374kg에서 1,919kg/10a로 감소되었다. 잔디의 피도와 밀도는 3월 16일 파종에서 각각 $98.0\%$, $99.3\%$로 높은 편이었으나, 파종기가 지연됨에 따라 점차적으로 낮아져서 4월 25일 파종에서 잔디의 피도는 $95.7\%$로, 밀도는 $98.7\%$로 낮아졌다. 잡초의 피도는 3월 16일 파종에서 $2.0\%$, 밀도는 $0.7\%$ 이였으나, 파종기가 지연됨에 따라 점차적으로 증가되어 4월 25일 파종에서 피도와 밀도는 각각 $4.3\%$, $1.3\%$로 증가되었다. 침입잡초는 10.5종에서 16.0종으로 파종기가 지연됨에 따라 증가되는 경향이었다. 우점잡초의 변동은 3월 16일 파종에서 새포아풀, 별꽃, 명아주, 3월 26일 파종에서 새포아풀, 바랭이, 명아주, 4월 5일 파종에 바랭이, 명아주, 별꽃, 4월 15일 파종에서 바랭이, 별꽃, 명아주였고, 4월 25일 파종에서는 바랭이, 여뀌, 명아주 순위로 우점되었다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 제주지역에서는 3월 중$\cdot$하순에 조파하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.