• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2005

The purpose of study were to determine the effect of Elastic Band Exercise Based of PNF L/E pattern(EBEBP) on the balance in the elderly people. 24 health elderly women aged 65 to 85 years participated who live in Sun-cheon city Jeon-nam. Participants were divided into exercise(12) and control(12) group to randomized. Exercise participants received strengthening exercise for 30minutes in two times a week for 4weeks while control group continued their normal activities. Exercise used to yellow elastic band which 4 patterns of PNF by 1) hip extension - adduction - external rotation with knee extension, 2) hip extension-abduction-internal rotation with knee extension. 3) hip flexion - adduction - external rotation with knee flexion, 4) hip flexion - abduction - internal rotation with knee flexion. All subjects participated in 3 tests Berg Balance Test(BBT), One-Leg Standing Test(OLST), Functional Reaching Test(FRT). Exercise and control group were tested before and at the end of the test. This collected date were analysed by using paired t-test and independent t-test. The results of this study are as follows; 1. The experimental group was statistically significant difference in balance performance clinical test of BBT(p<0.01), OLST(p<0.01), FRT(p<0.001). 2. The control group was no significant difference in balance performance clinical test of BBT, OLST, FRT(p>0.05). 3. After the exercise, there was significant difference in the BBT(P<0.01), OLST(P<0.05), FRT(P<0.001) between the experimental group and control group in EBEBP. Thus, elastic band exercise based of PNF L/E pattern can result in improved muscle strength and balance in the elderly people. Further studies are required to show long-term effects of exercise training on the elderly people.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2023

Purpose: The present study aims to investigate the effects of a diagonal exercise pattern on selective activation of the upper extremity muscles using both normalization and isolation methods. Methods: In total, 17 asymptomatic subjects participated in this study. During the two diagonal patterns of exercise (diagonals 1 and 2), muscular activities of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), anterior deltoid (AD), and infraspinatus (IS) were measured. The collected data were analyzed in two ways, according to the dominance of muscle activities (%Isolation) and according to normalized activities (%MVIC). Results: There were significant differences in LT, SA, AD, and IS between %MVIC and %Isolation (p<0.05), and the diagonal 1 pattern of exercise showed significantly more LT activities compared with the diagonal 2 pattern (p<0.05). Further, except for LT, there were no significant differences in muscle activities between the diagonal 1 and 2 exercises. Conclusion: The present study suggests that a diagonal pattern of exercise is advantageous for strengthening shoulder muscles, but caution is needed when applying to patients requiring selective strengthening. Regarding both the concentric and eccentric phases of exercise, there was no significant difference in muscular activation, except in LT, between the two diagonal patterns of exercises.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.151-158
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• 2024

Purpose: The present study investigated how variations in diagonal exercises affect shoulder muscle activity, examining changes in neuromuscular activation during scapular and shoulder diagonal patterns of exercises. Furthermore, we explored whether the exercise phase affects muscle activation. Methods: Sixteen asymptomatic male participants were recruited. Four diagonal pattern exercises (scapular anterior elevation, posterior elevation, flexion-adduction-external rotation, flexion, abduction-external rotation), and two exercise phases (concentric and eccentric) were administered. Surface electromyography data were collected. Results: Upper trapezius activity was significantly higher during the concentric phase of scapular posterior elevation exercises compared with the others (p<0.05). The serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and infraspinatus activities were significantly higher during shoulder diagonal pattern exercises compared with the scapular diagonal pattern exercises (p<0.05). Except for the lower trapezius, muscular activities during the concentric phase were significantly greater compared with the eccentric phase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current study suggests that the diagonal pattern of exercise may contribute to selective strengthening of the shoulder complex muscles and that the form of exercise should be tailored to the subject. It also suggests that diagonal exercises with concentric contractions tend to be more beneficial than eccentric contractions for overall muscle recruitment, but the effects vary for specific diagonal patterns.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.837-843
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of optic pathway on human body during Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation(PNF) treatment. Specifically, it's intened to find out through electromyography(EMG), what kind on change occurred in a patient's muscle when the patient saw the motor direction or when the patient didn't. A pilot experiment Was made over the sophomores of Mokpo Science College the following findings were given; As an EMG was taken over three of muscles that worked during Flexion-Adduction-Ext. Rot., one of the PNF pattern, a patient showed relatively stronger muscle power while watching the movement with his eyes open than the same patient did with his eyes closed, and the disparity between the two cases Was statistically significant(P<0.05). In the pattern of Extension-Abduction-Int.Rot., a patient also showed relatively stronger muscle power while watching the movement than the same patient did without watching it, and the disparity between the two cases also were significant(P<0.05). As seen above, the effect of motor treatment, among physiotherapy methods seemed to be greater if a patient watched the motor direction during treatment, because it gave a stimulus to proprioception.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6767-6773
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• 2014

The study examined the effects of trunk pattern exercise in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) integrated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the muscle activity and balance, walking speed in stroke patient. Thirty-one patients with hemiplegia due to stroke were assigned to either the experimental group (n=15) or control group (n=16). Both groups performed trunk pattern training in PNF for 3 times per week over a 6 week period for 20 minutes per session. The experimental group performed additional tDCS for 20 minutes. A comparison of the two groups after the intervention showed that the exercise program in experimental group had a more significant on the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior and balance than the control group (p<.05). This showed that trunk pattern exercise in PNF integrated tDCS had a positive effect on the functional recovery of the lower extremity in stroke patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercise in the progressive sitting position on the dynamic balance ability of a patient with a cerebellar injury. Methods: The subject had ataxia due to cerebellar injury. The subject participated in a PNF bilateral scapular pattern exercise with stabilizing reversal technique during a progressive sitting position session as well as baseline for 20 minutes a day for 4 weeks. In the first session, PNF exercises were performed at a height of 40 cm for 10 minutes, and in the second session they were performed at 50 cm for 10 minutes from a lower center of gravity (COG) to a higher COG sitting position. We used the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) to measure the subject's dynamic balance ability every two days through the entire session. Results: After participating in the program, the subject's dynamic balance ability improved compared to the first baseline, as measured by BBS (2 points increased), FTSST (5.3 sec decreased), and TUGT (2 sec decreased). The increase was also maintained in the second baseline session. Conclusion: PNF exercise using bilateral scapula patterns with a stabilizing reversal technique helps to enhance the dynamic balance ability of a cerebellar injury patient.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) leg flexion patterns according to the hip joint angle on electromyographic activity of the trunk. Methods : Thirty healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following the PNF leg flexion patterns on three different hip joint flexion $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$. An surface electromyogram (SEMG) was used to record the electromyographic activities of the trunk muscle in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, erector spinae. The data were analyzed using the a repeated measures of one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni's correction. Result : The results of this study are summarized as follows: The EMG activities of internal abdominal oblique and elector spinae muscle showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Conclusion : The result show that electromyographic activity of the trunk muscles significantly changed on PNF leg flexion patterns with difference hip joint angle. Therefore, this study used to basis for the intervention of the trunk muscle strength and stabilization.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the arm extension pattern of proprioceptive exercise program on the muscle activity of the opposite lower extremity. Methods: In this study, electromyogram MP150(Biopac system, USA) was applied to 20 healthy male subjects. Arm extension-adduction-internal rotation pattern was applied within initial, mid and end range in sling position and supine position for measurement. And the effect on the activity of rectus femoris and tibialis anterior muscle of the opposite lower extremity was compared and analyzed. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows: First, there was a statistically significant difference of the activity of the tibialis anterior muscle within the Initial range in sling position and supine position(P<0.05). Second, there was a statistically significant difference of the activity of the tibialis anterior muscle within the end range in sling position and supine position(P<0.05). Conclusion: Rectus femoris and tibialis anterior muscles shows the higher activity in the supine position than in the sling position. Therefore, the supine position is more appropriate than the sling position to make irradiation on lower extremity muscle with the extension pattern.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.423-433
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• 2021

Purpose: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a method for promoting functional movements by facilitating neuromuscular responses through the stimulation of proprioceptors in the body using spiral and diagonal patterns. Irradiation, a basic principle of PNF, is a phenomenon in which the muscle activity of a body part caused by resistance is increased or spread into muscles in other parts via their connected muscles. Resistance training can be divided by body alignment into closed and open chain exercises. Methods: In this study, 19 healthy men in their 20s and 30s were selected as subjects. They performed PNF hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation motions on their dominant side in an open chain exercise posture in which the nondominant sole was away from the wall, and in a closed chain exercise posture in which the sole was fixed to the wall. The nondominant leg's muscle activity was measured while resistance was maintained with applied pressure at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the maximum muscle strength in the last range of motions. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for a comparative analysis of the contralateral leg's muscle activity according to the chain exercise postures and the intensity of resistance intensity during PNF hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation. In addition, an independent sample T-test was conducted for a comparative analysis of each chain exercise posture according to the intensity of resistance. A one-way ANOVA and a Scheffe post-hoc test were also performed to analyze the contralateral leg's muscle activity according to the intensity of resistance in the closed and open chain exercise postures. Results: Results of the two-way ANOVA found that the gluteus medius and the biceps femoris had statistically significant differences in both the chain exercise postures and resistance intensity (p<0.05), and that the vastus medialis and the gastrocnemius did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the chain exercise postures (p>0.05) but showed statistically significant differences in resistance intensity (p<0.05). As a result of the independent sample T-test, the application of the PNF hip flexion-abduction-internal rotation pattern led to a statistically significant difference in the contralateral gluteus medius during the closed chain exercise posture (p<0.05). According to the results of the one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe post-analysis, statistically significant differences were observed in the gluteus medius at 50%, biceps femoris at 75%, vastus medialis at 100%, and gastrocnemius at 100% during the closed chain exercise posture based on a resistance intensity of 0% (p<0.05). In the open chain exercise posture, statistically significant differences were found in the gluteus medius at 50%, biceps femoris at 50%, and vastus medialis at 75% based on the resistance intensity of 0% (p<0.05). In the same posture, there was no significant difference in the gastrocnemius's resistance intensity (p>0.05). Conclusion: When the PNF leg pattern is applied, each muscle requires effective chain exercise postures and resistance intensity to generate the contralateral leg muscle's irradiation.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of a Elastic Theraband Exercise Based of PNF L/E pattern on the gait of the chronic Hemiplegic Patients. Methods : We selected the 20 chronic Hemiplegic Patients not given treatment now and divided them into two groups of both 10 Elastic Theraband group and 10 Self Exercise. The first group went through a Elastic Theraband Exercise Based of PNF L/E pattern 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for 6 weeks. Exercise used to blue elastic band which 2 patterns of PNF by 1) hip extension - abduction - internal rotation with knee extension. 2) hip flexion - adduction - external rotation with knee flexion. The latter group experienced Self Exercise, 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for 6 weeks. Firstly, we measured the absolute improvement of gait velocity(m/s), cadence(steps/min) among walking characters. Secondly, we measured the functional walking ability such as Functional Ambulatory Category(FAC, score out of 5), Modified Motor Assesment Scale(MMAS, score out of 6). Data analysis was performed with using SPSS 12.0 win program. The descriptive analysis was used to obtain average and standard deviation. The independent t-test and the paired t-test were used to compare both the groups about pre and post training test. Treatment effects were established by pre and post assessment. Subjects tolerated the training well without side-effects. Therefore, the results of this study were as follows; Results : 1. There was a more significant improvement of Gait velocity(0.12m/s) Elastic Theraband group(p<.05). 2. There was a more significant improvement of cadence(9.40steps/min) Elastic Theraband group(p<.05). Conclusion : As we can see from above, the findings suggest that Elastic Theraband may be more effective than the Self Exercise for improving some gait parameters such as Gait velocity and Cadency. This conclusion also suggest that Elstic Theraband is more effective for the improvement of gait of chronic Hemiplegic Patients.