• Title/Summary/Keyword: PM10.PM2.5

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Hematological Reference Values in the Healthy Adults (건강성인의 혈구 참고치 산정)

  • Kim, Young-Jin;Hyun, Myung-Soo;Lee, Hyun-Woo
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.154-165
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    • 1991
  • To establish the hematological reference values in the healthy adults visited our hospitals, following examination were done on 2823 persons by Coulter Counter Model S-plus II ; white blood cell count: (WBC), red blood cell count(RBC), hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), red cell distribution width(RDW), platelet, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume(MPV) and platelet distribution width(PDW). The following results are obtained. 1) Male, mean value of WBC ; $6,800{\pm}2,680(2SD)/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of WBC ; $5,950{\pm}2,380(2SD)/{\mu}l$ 2) Male, mean value of RBC ; $428{\pm}60(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of WBC ; $415{\pm}56(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ 3) Male, mean value of Hb ; $15.4{\pm}1.8(2SD)g/dL$ Female, mean value of Hb ; $13.0{\pm}1.6(2SD)g/dL$ 4) Male, mean value of Hct ; $45.3{\pm}5.0(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of Hct ; $38.2{\pm}4.6(2SD)%$ 5) Male, mean value of MCV ; $93.8{\pm}5.8(2SD)fL$ Female, mean value of MCV ; $92.2{\pm}7.4(2SD)fL$ 6) Male, mean value of MCH ; $31.8{\pm}2.2(250)pg$ Female, mean value of MCH ; $31.4{\pm}2.8(2SD)pg$ 7) Male, mean value of MCHC ; $34.0{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of MCHC ; $33.9{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ 8) Male, mean value of RDW ; $12.7{\pm}1.0(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of RDW ; $12.6{\pm}1.4(2SD)%$ 9) Male, mean value of Platelet ; $242.9{\pm}87.8(2SD){\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of Platelet ; $242.2{\pm}89.0(2SD){\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ 10) Male, mean value of Plateletcrit ; $0.201{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of Plateletcrit ; $0.204{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ 11) Male, mean value of MPV ; $8.20{\pm}1.70(2SD)fl$ Female, mean value of MPV ; $8.36{\pm}1.82(2SD)fl$ 12) Male, mean value of PDW ; $16.1{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of PDW ; $16.0{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$.

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Evaluation of the Neural Fiber Tractography Associated with Aging in the Normal Corpus Callosum Using the Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) (확산텐서영상(Diffusion Tensor Imaging)을 이용한 정상 뇌량에서의 연령대별 신경섬유로의 변화)

  • Im, In-Chul;Goo, Eun-Hoe;Lee, Jae-Seung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.189-194
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    • 2011
  • This study used magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to quantitatively analyze the neural fiber tractography according to the age of normal corpus callosum and to evaluate of usefulness. The research was intended for the applicants of 60 persons that was in a good state of health with not brain or other disease. The test parameters were TR: 6650 ms, TE: 66 ms, FA: $90^{\circ}$, NEX: 2, thickness: 2 mm, no gap, FOV: 220 mm, b-value: $800s/mm^2$, sense factor: 2, acquisition matrix size: $2{\times}2{\times}2mm^3$, and the test time was 3 minutes 46 seconds. The evaluation method was constructed the color-cored FA map include to the skull vertex from the skull base in scan range. We set up the five ROI of corpus callosum of genu, anterior-mid body, posterior-mid body, isthmus, and splenium, tracking, respectively, and to quantitatively measured the length of neural fiber. As a result, the length of neural fiber, for the corpus callosum of genu was 20's: $61.8{\pm}6.8$, 30's: $63.9{\pm}3.8$, 40's: $65.5{\pm}6.4$, 50's: $57.8{\pm}6.0$, 60's: $58.9{\pm}4.5$, more than 70's: $54.1{\pm}8.1mm$, for the anterior-mid body was 20's: $54.8{\pm}8.8$, 30's: $58.5{\pm}7.9$, 40's: $54.8{\pm}7.8$, 50's: $56.1{\pm}10.2$, 60's: $48.5{\pm}6.2$, more than 70's: $48.6{\pm}8.3mm$, for the posterior-mid body was 20's: $72.7{\pm}9.1$, 30's: $61.6{\pm}9.1$, 40's: $60.9{\pm}10.5$, 50's: $61.4{\pm}11.7$, 60's: $54.9{\pm}10.0$, more than 70's: $53.1{\pm}10.5mm$, for the isthmus was 20's: $71.5{\pm}17.4$, 30's: $74.1{\pm}14.9$, 40's: $73.6{\pm}14.2$, 50's: $66.3{\pm}12.9$, 60's: $56.5{\pm}11.2$, more than 70's: $56.8{\pm}11.3mm$, and for the splenium was 20's: $82.6{\pm}6.8$, 30's: $86.9{\pm}6.4$, 40's: $83.1{\pm}7.1$, 50's: $81.5{\pm}7.4$, 60's: $78.6{\pm}6.0$, more than 70's: $80.55{\pm}8.6mm$. The length of neural fiber for normal corpus callosum were statistically significant in the genu(P=0.001), posterior-mid body(P=0.009), and istumus(P=0.012) of corpus callosum. In order of age, the length of neural fiber increased from 30s to 40s, as one grows older tended to decrease. For this reason, the nerve cells of brain could be confirmed through the neural fiber tractography to progress actively in middle age.

Characterization of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ Levels inside Train and in Platform of Subway (서울 일부 지하철 객차와 승강장에서 측정한 $PM_{10}$$PM_{2.5}$농도의 특성)

  • Park, Dong-Uk;Yun, Kyung-Sup;Park, Soo-Taek;Ha, Kwon-Chul
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.39-46
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    • 2005
  • This study was performed to investigate the concentration of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train and platform of subway 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide were monitored using Portable Aerosol Spectrometer at afternoon (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train were monitored to be higher than those measured in platform. In addition, $PM_{10}$ concentration in both platform and inside train were found to be greatly higher than range of from 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 81${\mu}g/m^3$ in ambient air reported by Ministry of Environment. This study found that there were many inside train in subway 1, 2, 4 line where exceeded 150 ${\mu}g/m^3$ of Korean PM10 standard. The average percentage that exceeded PM10 standard was 83.3% in line 1, 37.9% in line 2 and 63.1% in line 4, respectively. In particular, most of inside train in subway line 1 were over PM10 limit. PM2.5 concentration ranged from 77.7 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 158.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$, which were found to be greatly higher than ambient air PM2.5 standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 hours arithmatic mean : 65 ${\mu}g/m^3$, year average : 15 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The percentage of $PM_{2.5}$ in $PM_{10}$ was 86.2% in platform, 81.7% in inside train, 80.2% in underground and 90.2% in ground. These results indicated that fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) accounted for most of $PM_{10}$.

Effect of Daily Mean PM10 and PM2.5 on Distribution of Excessive Mortality Risks from Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases in Busan (부산지역 PM10, PM2.5 일평균에 의한 호흡기 및 심혈관질환 초과위험도 분포)

  • Do, Woo-gon;Jung, Woo-sik
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.30 no.7
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    • pp.573-584
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    • 2021
  • To analyze the effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on daily mortality cases, the relations of death counts from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases with PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were applied to the generalized additive model (GAM) in this study. From the coefficients of the GAM model, the excessive mortality risks due to an increase of 10 ㎍/m3 in daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 for each cause were calculated. The excessive risks of deaths from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases were 0.64%, 1.69%, and 1.16%, respectively, owing to PM10 increase and 0.42%, 2.80%, and 0.91%, respectively, owing to PM2.5 increase. Our result showed that particulate matter posed a greater risk of death from respiratory diseases and is consistent with the cases in Europe and China. The regional distribution of excessive risk of death is 0.24%-0.81%, 0.34%-2.6%, and 0.62%-1.94% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM10 increase, and 0.14%-1.02%, 1.07%-3.92%, and 0.22%-1.73% from natural causes, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively, owing to PM2.5 increase. Our results represented a different aspect from the regional concentration distributions. Thus, we saw that the concentration distributions of air pollutants differ from the affected areas and identified the need for a policy to reduce damage rather than reduce concentrations.

Laboratory Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against Some Forest Insect Pests (곤충 병원성 선충 Steinernema carpocapsae와 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora를 이용한 삼립해충의 방제)

  • ;Harry K. Kaya
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.227-232
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    • 1991
  • The pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes Sfeinernema earpocapsae and Heferorhabditis baeferiophora was evaluated against forest insect pests, alder leaf beetle Agelastiea eoerulea, pellucid zygaenid Pryeria siniea, and box-tree pyralid Glyphodes perspeetalis. Alder leaf beetle larvae were exposed to S. earpocapsae at concentration of 0, 25, 50, and 100 nematodes and to H. baeferiophora at concentration of 0, 10, 20, and 40 nematodes per larva on alder leaves. Mortalities of 1st instar lavae were 85.4 $\pm$ 4.1-100%, 2nd instar larvae 80.0 $\pm$ 5.8-100%, and 3rd instar larvae 65.0 $\pm$ 10.8-100% in S. earpocapsae and those of 1st instar larvae were 82.5 $\pm$ 6.9-100%, 2nd instar larvae 77.5 $\pm$ 4.7-100%, and 3rd instar larvae 55.0 $\pm$ 13.5-100% in H. baeferiophora treatment. When pellucid zygaenid larvae were exposed to S. earpocapsae at concentration of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 nematodes and to H. baeteriophora at concentration of 0, 2, 5, 10,20, and 40 nematodes per larva, mortalities were 98.9 $\pm$ 1.1-100% in S. earpocapsae and 26.7 $\pm$ 5.1-74.5 $\pm$ 6.2% in H. baeferiophora. The mortalities of box-tree pyralid larvae were 97.8 $\pm$ 1.5-100% in S. earpocapsae treated with concentration of 0,20,40, and 80 nematodes per larva and those were 92.0 $\pm$ 6.2-98.9 $\pm$ 1.1 % in H. baeferiophora treated with con'||'&'||'not;centration of 0, 10, 20, and 40 nematodes per larva.

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A Study of the Insulin and the C-Peptide Responses to Oral Glucose Load in Nondiabetic and Diabetic Subjects (정상인(正常人) 및 당뇨병환자(糖尿病患者)에서의 경구당부하시(經口糖負荷時) 혈중(血中) Insulin과 C-Peptide의 변동(變動))

  • Lee, Myung-Chul;Choi, Sung-Jae;Kim, Eung-Jin;Min, Hun-Ki;Koh, Chang-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.17-32
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    • 1977
  • The present study was undertaken to evaluate the significance of the insulin and the C-peptide rseponse to oral glucose loads in normal and diabetic subjects and to establish the effects of the obesity. In this study, the authors have measured plasma insulin and C-peptide by means of radioimmunoassay in 10 nonobese normal, 5 obese normal, 13 nonobese moderate diabetic patients, 9 obese moderate diabetic patients and 9 severe diabetic patients. The results obtained were as follows; 1. In 10 nonobese normal subjects, the plasma insulin level at fasting state and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after oral glucose loads were $15.7{\pm}3.4,\;48.3{\pm}9.8,\;40.4{\pm}6.7,\;37.4{\pm}6.5\;and\;26.0{\pm}4.2uU/ml(Mean{\pm}S.E.)$ and C-peptide were $1.9{\pm}0.3,\;3.9{\pm}0.6,\;6.3{\pm}0.6,\;5.7{\pm}0.5\;and\;4.0{\pm}0.5ng/ml$. The change of C-peptide was found to go almost parallel with that of insulin and the insulin value reaches to the highest level at 30 min whereas C-peptide reaches to its peak at 60min. 2. The plasma insulin level in 5 obese normal subjects were $38.9{\pm}12.3,\;59.5{\pm}12.3,\;59.2{\pm}17.1,\;56.1{\pm}20.0\;and\;48.4{\pm}17.2uU/ml$ and the C-peptide were $5.5{\pm}0.4,\;6.8{\pm}0.5,\;7.9{\pm}0.8,\;7.9{\pm}0.8\;and\;7.8{\pm}2.0ng/ml$. The insulin response appeared to be greater than nonobese normal subjects. 3. In 13 nonobese moderate diabetic patients, the plasma insulin levels were $27.1{\pm}4.9,\;44.1{\pm}6.0,\;37.3{\pm}6.6,\;35.5{\pm}8.1\;and\;34.7{\pm}10.7uU/ml$ and the C-peptide levels were $2.7{\pm}0.4,\;4.9{\pm}0.7,\;6.5{\pm}0.5,\;7.0{\pm}0.3\;and\;6.7{\pm}1.0ng/ml$. There was little significance compared to nonobese normal groups but delayed pattern is noted. 4. In 9 obese moderated diabetic patients, the plasma insulin levels were $22.1{\pm}7.9,\;80.0{\pm}19.3,\;108.0{\pm}27.0,\;62.0{\pm}17.6\;and\;55.5{\pm}10.1uU/ml$ and the C-peptide levels were $5.2{\pm}0.4,\;8.0{\pm}1.0,\;10.4{\pm}1.6,\;10.4{\pm}1.7\;and\;10.1{\pm}1.0ng/ml$ and its response was also greater than that of nonobese moderate diabetic patients. 5. The plasma insulin concentrations in 9 severe diabetic subjects were $8.0{\pm}3.8,\;12.1{\pm}3.5,\;16.8{\pm}4.6,\;19.6{\pm}5.2\;and\;15.0{\pm}5.0uU/ml$ and the C-peptide levels were $1.6{\pm}0.3,\;2.4{\pm}0.4,\;4.1{\pm}0.6,\;4.0{\pm}0.8\;and\;4.5{\pm}0.7ng/ml$ and the insulin and C-peptide responses were markedly reduced in severe diabetic groups. 6. There were-significant differences between each groups of patients on the magnitude of total insulin or C-peptide areas, the insulinogenic index and the C-peptide index.

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Evaluation of accumulated particulate matter on roadside tree leaves and its metal content (가로수 수종별 잎의 미세먼지 축적량 및 금속 원소 함량 평가)

  • Kwon, Seon-Ju;Cha, Seung-Ju;Lee, Joo-Kyung;Park, Jin Hee
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.63 no.2
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    • pp.161-168
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    • 2020
  • It is known that different plant species have ability to deposit different amounts of particulate matter (PM) on their leaves and plants can absorb heavy metals in PM through their leaves. Heavy metals in PM can have toxic effect on human body and plants. Therefore, PM on different roadside trees at Chungbuk national University including box tree (Buxus koreana), yew (Taxus cuspidate), royal azalea (Rhododendron yedoense), and retusa fringetree (Chionanthus retusa) was quantified based on particle size (PM>10 and PM2.5-10). The metal concentration in PM accumulated on leaves was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. In this study, the mass of PM>10 deposited on the surface of the tree leaves ranged from 6.11 to 32.7 ㎍/㎠, while the mass of PM2.5-10 ranged from 0 to 14.8 ㎍/㎠. The royal azaleas with grooves and hair on the leaf surface retained PM particles for longer time, while the yews and box trees with wax on leaf surfaces accumulated more PM. The PM contained elements in crustal material such as Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe and heavy metals including Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentration of elements in crustal material was higher in the coarser size, while heavy metal concentration was relatively higher in the finer size fraction. The Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations of leaves and PM2.5-10 were significantly correlated indicating that PM was taken up through tree leaves.

Study on the Effect of Cysteine and Myo-inositol on In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Oocytes

  • Lee, B.K.;Kim, S.K.
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.223-227
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effect of morphology of oocytes, kinds of media, cysteine and myo-inositol supplementation on IVM rate of porcine oocytes. Cumulus- enclosed oocytes were incubated in maturation NCSU-23 and TCM-199 medium with supplementation with 3, 5, 10, 20 mM myo-inositol and 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mM cysteine. 1. When classified by morphology, excellent, good and fair of cumulus-enclosed oocytes were incubated for 48 hrs and the IVM rate were $14.2{\pm}3.7%{\sim}58.7{\pm}4.0%$, respectively. The rate were greater in oocytes with excellent cumulus cells than those without cumulus cells. 2. The IVM rate of oocytes cultured in TCM-199 and NCSU- 23 medium supplementation or non-supplementation with 1.0 mM myo-inositol were $7.5{\pm}4.5%,\;45.0{\pm}4.8%\;and\;4.4%,\;42.5{\pm}4.2%,\;18.0{\pm}5.2%$, respectively. Supplementation with myo-inositol significantly increased the IVM rate of oocytes. 3. The IVM rate of oocytes cultured in NCSU-23 medium supplementation of 3, 5, 10, 20 mM myo-inositol for 48 hrs were $47.5{\pm}4.5%,\;57.5{\pm}4.2%,\;62.5{\pm}4.9%,\;50.0{\pm}5.2%$, respectively. The IVM rate of oocytes in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with 10 mM myo-inositol were significantly increased compared to control ($42.5{\pm}4.0%$). 4. The IVM rate of oocytes cultured for 48 hrs in NCSU-23 media supplement with 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mM myo-inositol were $50.0{\pm}4.5%,\;62.5{\pm}4.2%,\;52.5{\pm}4.9%,\;45.0{\pm}4.2%$, respectively. The IVM rate of oocytes in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with 10 mM cysteine were significantly increased compared to control ($42.5{\pm}4.0%$).

Polysomnographic Results before and after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

  • Kim, Cheon-Sik;Kim, Dae-Sik;Lee, Yong-Seok;Cho, Cheon-Ung;Pae, Sang-Ho;Kim, Won-Tae
    • Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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    • v.45 no.2
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    • pp.73-76
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    • 2013
  • Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is one possibility for the treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was study the analysis of polysomnography of pre-UPPP and post-UPPP. All patients were evaluated by means of a physical examination, the epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), the beck depression inventory (BDI) and the nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) before surgery, and 6~12 months after surgery. A total of 15 patients were investigated. All underwent UPPP. The patients were between 26 and 62 years old ($mean{\pm}SD$; $39.7{\pm}10.9$) with a lean body mass index (BMI) of $mean{\pm}SD$; $26.2{\pm}3.0kg/m^2$. The comparison of sleep questionnaires showed that after UPPP, the patients had a significantly lower BMI ($26.2{\pm}3.0kg/m^2$ vs $26.0{\pm}3.4kg/m^2$, p=0.241), ESS ($10.0{\pm}5.4$ vs $6.9{\pm}3.2$, p=0.022), BDI ($9.2{\pm}8.2$ vs $4.2{\pm}4.3$, p=0.343) and higher blood pressure ($127.5{\pm}12.1$ vs $123.7{\pm}12.0$, p=0.272) compared to before UPPP. The comparison of sleep parameters showed that after UPPP, patients had a significantly lower stage N1 ($108.8{\pm}53.1$ vs $82.2{\pm}48.9$, p=0.016), lower sleep latency ($4.9{\pm}4.4$ vs $2.0{\pm}1.7$, p=0.083), a lower total arousal number ($210.6{\pm}90.3$ vs $147.1{\pm}87.3$, p=0.019), lower oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ($30.2{\pm}20.9$ vs $10.2{\pm}15.1$, p=0.006), lower apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ($31.6{\pm}22.4$ vs $10.9{\pm}15.4$, p=0.005), and a lower respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ($37.4{\pm}21.3$ vs $18.5{\pm}16.5$, p=0.008) compared to after UPPP. The comparison of sleep parameters showed that after UPPP, patients had a significantly higher stage N2 ($154.0{\pm}39.9$ vs $180.5{\pm}49.5$, p=0.017), higher REM ($58.5{\pm}29.7$ vs $72.6{\pm}34.0$, p=0.249), higher $meanSaO_2$ ($94.3{\pm}2.0$ vs $95.9{\pm}0.9$, p=0.043), and higher $meanSaO_2$ ($79.3{\pm}8.5$ vs $83.1{\pm}7.9$, p=0.116) than before UPPP. After UPPP, 6 patients were cured, 2 showed marked improvement, and 7 did not improve. After surgery, the success of the treatment was at 53%. The subjective patient satisfaction was higher than before the surgery.

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Evaluation on Air Quality inside Subway Driver Cabin by Monitoring PM, $CO_2$, and CO Levels (서울 일부 지하철 승무원석의 PM, 이산화탄소, 일산화탄소 모니터링에 의한 실내 공기질 특성 평가)

  • Kwag, Hyun-Suk;Jin, Ku-Won;Kim, Won;Yang, Won-Su;Choi, Sang-Jun;Park, Dong-Uk
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.31 no.5 s.86
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    • pp.379-386
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    • 2005
  • [ $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ ] in driver cabins of subway line from 5 to 8 were monitored from 07:00 through 21:00 (or 19:30 or 20:00) on May. Driver cabin of subway line 7 showed the highest $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ concentrations. General Linear Model indicated that subway line, subway location (ground and underground track) and running time (morning and afternoon) significantly influenced the concentrations of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ (p=0.000). Daily profile of $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$, expressed as an 30 minutes average, showed similar variation pattern over day period. These concentrations showed the highest concentrations between 07:00 and 09:00 of rush hour, slightly dropped and again rose slightly after 18:00. In correlation analysis, significant relations among $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5},\;CO_2\;and\;CO$ were detected (p<0.01). In particular, correlation coefficient between $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ was highly significant (r=0.884). Regression analysis also concluded that $PM_{10}$ concentration significantly explained 71.4% of variation of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration (p=0.000, $R^2=0.714$). Correlations by CO with $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ were 0.451 and 0.520, which were higher than those by $CO_2$. Further study is needed to examine the sources of $PM_{2.5}$ and CO in subway and to compare pollutants concentration among subway lines.