• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.19-35
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of EGF and IGF-I in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes and development of porcine IVM/IVF embryos. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The rates of nuclear maturation, penetrated oocytes, pronuclear formation, polyspermic oocytes and mean numbers of the penetrated sperm were not different in NCSU-23 maturation medium with 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/ml EGF and IGF-I (P>0.05). 2. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 after in vitro fertilization in 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/ml EGF groups were $11.2{\pm}1.5%$, $15.0{\pm}8.3%$, $16.8{\pm}2.8%$ and $21.4{\pm}2.0%$, also 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/ml IGF-I groups were $11.2{\pm}1.5%$, $15.0{\pm}8.3%$, $16.8{\pm}2.8%$ and $21.4{\pm}2.0%$, respectively. In the total cells case, EGF groups were $22.8{\pm}3.7$, $25.7{\pm}5.5$, $26.0{\pm}4.2$ and $35.1{\pm}4.7$, also IGF-I groups were $21.5{\pm}3.7$, $25.2{\pm}2.8$, $26.2{\pm}2.9$ and $33.2{\pm}3.6$, respectively. Both 10 ng/ml EGF group and 10 ng/ml IGF-I group were significantly higher than those of other treatment groups (P<0.05). 3. The rates of blastocyst formation at day 7 in the NCSU23 culture medium of porcine IVF-produced embryos with 0, 1, 5, and 10 ng/ml EGF groups were $14.0{\pm}1.7%$, $16.2{\pm}1.4%$, $16.9{\pm}1.2%$ and $23.1{\pm}1.6%$, also 0, 1, 5, 10 ng/ml IGF-I groups were $13.6{\pm}1.7$, $15.7{\pm}4.5$, $16.0{\pm}0.2$ and $25.0{\pm}0.8$, respectively. And in the total cells case, EGF grups were $21.8{\pm}2.9$, $25.2{\pm}2.8$, $39.7{\pm}2.7$ and $46.2{\pm}3.6$, also IGF-I groups were $20.7{\pm}2.9$, $26.2{\pm}2.9$, $24.6{\pm}2.4$ and $46.1{\pm}3.5$, respectively. Both 10 ng/ml EGF group and 10 ng/ml IGF-I group were significantly higher than those of any other treatment groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that the addition of 10 ng/ml EGF and IGF-I were effective on the blastocyst formation and total cells of blastocysts.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.186-191
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• 2019

Objectives: Subway is one of the most common transportation modes in Seoul, Korea. The objectives of this study were to determine characteristics of in-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Seoul Metro Line Number 2 and to identify factors of the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Methods: In-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Seoul Metro Line Number 2 were measured using real-time monitors and the factors affecting $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in cabin were observed. Linear regression analysis of in-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio were performed. Results: In-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was associated with the in-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in previous station. In-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was correlated with ambient $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and associated with underground station with control of the in-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in previous station. I/O ratio increased as the number of passengers increased and when passing through the underground station with control of I/O ratio in previous station. Conclusion: In-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was affected by ambient $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Therefore, management of in-cabin $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations should be based on outdoor air quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.925-931
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• 2018

The characteristics of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and Ratio($PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$) of 11 urban air monitoring stations in Gyeongnam were analyzed for the last 3 years('15~'17). The average of the all stations was $PM_{10}\;45{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_{2.5}\;24{\mu}g/m^3$ and Ratio 0.54, and annual reduction rates were $PM_{10}-2.9%$, $PM_{2.5}-2.7%$ and Ratio -1.2%, respectively. The seasonal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ were spring $54{\mu}g/m^3$ > winter $48{\mu}g/m^3$ > summer/autumn $40{\mu}g/m^3$, $PM_{2.5}$ were spring/winter $26{\mu}g/m^3$ > summer 23 > autumn $22{\mu}g/m^3$ and Ratio were summer 0.56 > winter 0.55 > autumn 0.54 > spring 0.51, respectively. The hourly characteristics of $PM_{10}$ were $11{\mu}g/m^3$ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 03:00~06:00, $PM_{2.5}$ were $6{\mu}g/m^3$ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 17:00~18:00 and Ratio were 0.07 higher than 04:00~06:00 at 19:00. By site, the highest concentration of $PM_{10}$ was YJ site $53{\mu}g/m^3$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was HW site $28{\mu}g/m^3$. And Ratio at HD site showed the largest reduction from '15 0.62 to '17 0.52.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.469-485
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• 2003

This paper reports on the results of epidemiological investigation of daily health effects in the elderly associated with daily exposure to particulate matters in Korea. Our main focus is on the potential difference in health effects between PM10 and PM2.5. While the Korean environmental authority has set an ambient standard for PM10, the government currently does not monitor PM2.5, which has no national standard. A daily data on respiratory symptoms as well as PM concentrations are collected for a total of 120 days. Using a probit model, we find statistically significant negative health effects of PM2.5 on respiratory symptoms among the nonsmoking elderly, while PM10 does not show such effects from the estimation. This result suggests that, for air quality regulatory purposes, PM2.5 can be a more appropriate air pollutant than PM10.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1013-1023
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of spacio-temporal variation for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Busan. $PM_{10}$ concentration has been reduced for the past three year and exceeded $50\;{\mu}g/m^3$ of the national standard for $PM_{10}$. $PM_{2.5}$ concentration showed gradual decrease or stagnant trends and exceeded the U.S. EPA standard. Seasonal analysis of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ suggested spring>winter>fall>summer(by Asian dust) and winter>spring>summerenlifall(by anthropogenic effect) in the order of high concentration, respectively. Characterization of diurnal variations suggests that $PM_{10}$ levels at all the three sites consistently exhibited a peak at 1000LST and $PM_{2.5}$ at Jangrimdong experienced the typical $PM_{2.5}$ diurnal trends such that a peak was observed in the morning and the lowest level at 1400LST. In the case of seasonal trends, the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio was in the order of summer>winter>fall>spring at all the study sites, with a note that spring bears the lowest concentration. During AD events, $PM_{10}$ concentration exhibited the highest level at Jangrimdong and the lowest level at Joadong. And $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in AD was 0.16~0.28.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.717-726
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• 2018

PM(Particulate Matter) cause serious diseases of air pollution. Most of the studies have analyzed local distribution trends using satellite images or modeling techniques. However,the method using the spatial interpolation method based on the meteorological value is insufficient in Korea. In this study, monthly spatial distribution of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in January, February, March, and April of 2018 Seoul Metropolitan City were analyzed based on 39 PM monitoring networks. In addition, a distribution map showing the difference between $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was based on the distribution obtained through this study. The regions of high $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ emissions were selected. In addition, the correlation between $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was confirmed through the distribution map. This study analyzed the spatial distribution variation results of analyzing $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Seoulthrough spatial analysis technique. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that $PM_{10}$ shows high measured value on the roadside measurement station.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.603-612
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the emission characteristics for PM, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ in the various stationary sources. The particulate matters collected in the various stationary sources such as power plants (Coal and B-C oil), incinerators(municipal and industrial waste), and glass furnaces. The PM and $PM_{10}$, PM and $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected using the cyclone type $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ samplers and 30 species(19 inorganic species, 9 ionic species, OC and EC) were analyzed by ICP, IC, and TOR/IMPROVE methods. The mass concentrations of PM, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ from nine stationary sources ranged $0.63{\sim}9.58mg/Sm^3$, $0.26{\sim}7.47mg/Sm^3$ and $0.13{\sim}6.34mg/Sm^3$, respectively. The level of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ portion in PM calculated 0.63~0.99, 0.38~0.94, respectively. In the case of emission trend for species, power plant showed high concentrations for Al, Mg, Na, Si, V and $SO_4{^{2-}}$, respectively. Also, Ca, Fe, K, Si, $Cl^-$, and $K^+$ showed high in incinerator. In the case of glass furnace, Na, Pb, K, Si, $Na^+$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ represented high concentrations. Power plant showed higher EC/OC concentrations than other sampling sites. These results suggest the possible role for complement establishment process of emission inventory and emission management for PM.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

The public's concern on ambient $PM_{2.5}$ has been increasing in Korea. We have estimated (1) the annual and monthly mean $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, (2) the frequency by the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration interval, and (3) the high concentration occurrence duration time between 2015 and 2018 at 16 administration regions. We found that there have been differences in all three above parameters' trends among the studied 16 regions in Korea. Still, Jeonbuk showed the highest rank in all three parameters' trends. In Jeonbuk, the average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and the sum of the frequency fraction when the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration being over $75{\mu}g/m^3$ between 2016 and 2018 was $28.4{\mu}g/m^3$ and 9.0%, respectively. And the days when the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration is over $50{\mu}g/m^3$ between 2015 and 2018 were 149. Chungbuk was the only region with the increasing trend of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration between 2016 and 2018. And in Seoul and Gyeonggi, the average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations decreased whereas the high concentration frequency fraction increased between 2016 and 2018. Also, it is found that there have been differences in the trends of the frequency by the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration interval and the high concentration occurrence duration time between $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between fine dust(PM10.5, PM2.5) and the number of acute/chronic sinusitis patients. Methods : A simple regression analysis was performed based on the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 as independent variables and the number of acute/chronic sinusitis patients as dependent variables. Results : As a result of simple regression analysis, if PM10 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 7,000.291(P<.001, 95%CI :4,951.983-9,048.600). If PM2.5 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 17,524.476.(P<.001, 95%CI:9,728.725-25,320.228) In addition, PM10 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of acute sinusitis patients increases by 3,163.471 (P<.001, 95% CI:2,268.642-4,058.301). If PM2.5 increases by $1{\mu}g/m^3$, the number of chronic sinusitis patients increases by 8,651.644.(P<.001, 95%CI:5,115.697-12,187.592) Conclusions : Both PM10 and PM2.5 are correlated with changes in the number of sinusitis patients. PM2.5 has effect on the number of patients than PM10. PM10 is the highest correlation in their 50s, PM2.5 in their 60s and 70s.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.327-340
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• 2007

The $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols were collected at Busan from March to May, 2005, and the concentrations of some metallic elements were analysed to study their characteristics. The mean concentration of $PM_{10}$ was $66.5{\pm}23.0{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 22.2 to $118.1{\mu}g/m^3$. The mean concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $46.1{\pm}17.2{\mu}g/m^3$ with a range of 9.7 to $83.3{\mu}g/m^3$. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ was 0.69 at Busan. The distribution of metallic elements for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were Cd${\ldots}$ ${\ldots}$ $PM_{10}$ were $94.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $63.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. And The mean mass concentrations of Asian dust and non Asian dust in $PM_{2.5}$ were $56.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $45.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The mean values of crustal enrichment factors for five elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, V and Zn) were all higher than 10, possibly suggesting the influence of anthropogenic sources. The soil contribution ratios for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were 20.5% and 19.4, respectively.