• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제68권4호
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• pp.218-225
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• 2010

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a useful technique to recover lower airway fluid and cells involved in many respiratory diseases. Miliary tuberculosis is potentially lethal, but the clinical manifestations are nonspecific and typical radiologic findings may not be seen until late in the course of disease. In addition, invasive procedures are often needed to confirm disease diagnosis. This study analyzed the cells and the T-lymphocyte subset in BAL fluid from patients with miliary tuberculosis to determine specific characteristics of BAL fluid that may help in the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis, using a less invasive procedure. Methods: On a retrospective basis, we enrolled 20 miliary tuberculosis patients; 12 patients were male and the mean patient age was $40.5{\pm}16.2$ years. We analyzed differential cell counts of BAL fluid and the T-lymphocyte subset of BAL fluid. Results: Total cells and lymphocytes were increased in number in the BAL fluid. The percentage of CD4+ Tlymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid were significantly decreased and the percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes was relatively higher. These findings were more prominent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the HIV-infected patients, the proportion of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BAL fluid than in peripheral blood. There were no significant differences between the BAL fluid and the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes subpopulation. Conclusion: BAL fluid in patients with miliary tuberculosis demonstrated lymphocytosis, a lower percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, a higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. These findings were more significant in HIV-infected subjects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1275-1284
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• 2018

Objective: A 28-d trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with different energy and lipase levels on performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, gut health, and carcass quality in broilers. Methods: A total of 720 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers ($45.4{\pm}0.5g$) were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: i) RET, reduced energy treatment (metabolizable energy = 2,950 and 3,100 kcal/kg for starter and finisher diet), ii) BDT, basal diet treatment (metabolizable energy = 3,050 and 3,200 kcal/kg for starter and finisher diet, iii) RET015, RET+0.15 g/kg lipase, and iv) RET03, RET+0.3 g/kg lipase. There were 10 replications (cages) per treatment with 18 birds per cage. Results: During d 1 to 14, broilers fed BDT, RET015, and RET03 diets had higher (p<0.05) body weight gain than those fed RET diet. During d 1 to 14, 15 to 28 and the overall experiment, feed conversion ratio in RET03 treatment was lower (p<0.05) compared with RET treatment. On d 14, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), and gross energy in RET03 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than those in RET treatment, while the ATTD of N was increased (p<0.05) by RET03 treatment. On d 28, broilers fed RET03 diet had higher (p<0.05) ATTD of DM than those fed RET and RET015 diets, while the ATTD of EE in BDT and RET03 treatments was increased (p<0.05) compared with RET and RET015 treatments. Broilers fed RET03 diet had higher villus height (VH) and VH:crypt depth (CD) ratio than those fed RET and BDT diets. The activity of pancreatic lipase in BDT and RET03 treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that in RET treatment. Conclusion: Taken together, lipase supplementation (3,000 U/kg feed) increased growth performance, nutrient digestibility, VH, VH:CD ratio and lipase activity, but decreased triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the abdominal fat percentage in broilers fed reduced energy diet.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.386-396
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• 2005

The effects of spirulina-added salad dressing on lipid profiles and antioxidant biomarkers such as total glutathionine, TBARS value, carbonyl value, GPx, GR, SOD and paraoxonase activity in plasma or liver of mice were evaluated Sixteen male ICR mice weighing 20$\pm$2 g were divided into two groups and fed low fat ($5\%$ fat) diet (low fat control: LFC) and low fat control plus dressing diet (LFD) for eight weeks. Body weight, tissue weights of liver, heart and kidney, and the distribution of body fat deposition were not significantly different between two groups. Also, the profile of TG, TC, LDL and HDL cholesterol were similar between two groups. The DNA damage was determined using the comet assay (single cell gel assay) with alkaline electrophoresis and quantified by measuring tail length (TL). Spirulina salad dressing consumption resulted in significant decrease in lymphocyte DNA damage expressed by TL (LFC: $28.8{\mu}m$, LFD: $20.3{\mu}m$). Additionally, salad dressing consumption for 8 wks decreased the lipid peroxidation assayed by TBARS to $12.6\%$ compared with the control. The levels of antioxidant vitamins such as $\beta$-carotene were significantly higher in plasma of LFD group than those in LFC group based on HPLC method This study shows that spirulina-added salad dressing exerts degenerative disease-protective effects on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation possibly via a free radical levels.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2004

본 시험은 고에너지 수준의 사료를 급여한 돼지의 사양성적, 돈육의 도체 특성, 일반성분, 이화학적 특성 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 80$\pm$3 kg의 삼원교잡종 120두를 공시하여 비육돈 사료 변화의 영양소 수준에 따라 저에너지 DE 3,290 kcal/kg, CP 14.5%, Lysine 0.70%, Ca 0.78로 배합한 사료를 38일간 급여하였고, 고에너지 DE 3,350 kcal/kg, CP 15.0%, Lysine 0.10%, Ca 0.78%로 배합한 사료를 27일간 급여하였다. 저에너지와 고에너지 사료를 급여한 돼지의 종료체중이 101 kg내외에 도달했을 때 도축하여 시험에 공시하였다. 고에너지 사료를 급여한 돼지가 일당 증체량이 높았고, 사료섭취량과 사료요구율은 낮았다(p<0.05). 도체특성과 일반성분은 차이를 보이지 않았다 이화학적 특성 중 고에너지 사료를 급여한 돈육의 가열 감량과 황색도는 저에너지 사료를 급여한 돈육에 비해 현저히 높게 나타내었다(p<0.05). 지방산 조성에서는 저에너지와 고예너지 사료를 급여한 돈육에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상에서 고에너지 사료를 27일간 급여한 돼지는 저에너지 사료를 38일간 급여한 돼지에 비해 성장률이 향상되었고, 돼지의 도체 특성, 물리적 특성 및 지방산 조성에는 미치지 않았지만 돈육의 가열 감량과 황색도가 높았다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.153-160
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to observe the tensile and bonding strength of the joined amalgam restoration. Amalgam alloys of fine-cut (F-type), spherical (S-type), and dispersed type (D-type) were selected in this study, and all specimens were divided into three groups according to the condensation methods as follows. Group I : the control group which condense the same kinds of mixed amalgam into the whole part of the mold respectively. Group II : the group which condense a mix of amalgam into one half of the mold, and then condense a new mix of amalgam into the rest half of the mold 15 minutes later. Group III : the group which condense a mixed amalgam into one half of the mold, and then condense a new mix of amalgam into the rest half of the mold 7 days later. All specimens were stored in incubator at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for seven days with immersing in saline solution before testing. The tensile and bonding strength of them were measured with Instron Universal Testing machine. The results were as follows: 1. In Group I, the order of tensile strength was F-type, S-type, and D-type. 2. In case of bonding of S-type + S-type, the difference of the bonding strength between Group II and III was not significant. (P> 0.05) 3. The bonding strength of F-type + S-type of Group II was marked the highest in value, and the lowest bonding strength was showed in bonded D-type + D-type of Group III. 4. In case of bonding with the different kinds of amalgam alloy in Group II, the specimen bonded to F-type was marked the highest bonding strength, and the specimen bonded with F-type was marked the lowest one. In Group II, the bonding strength of the specimens bonded with the same kinds of amalgam alloy was presented as the same order as that of Group I. 5. In Group III, the specimen connected with D-type marked the lowest bonding strength of all specimens. In Group III, the bonding strength of the specimens connected with the same kinds of amalgam alloy was the order of S-type + S-type, F-type + F-type, and D-type + D-type.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2002

이 논문에서 우리는 블록화 현상과 DCT 계수의 양자화 에러를 최소화 하면서 영상을 복호하는 새로운 기술을 제안한다. 영상의 복호화 과정에서 영상의 DCT 계수는 양자화 된 DCT 계수와 양자화 행렬의 곱으로 구해지게 되고, 양자화 간격의 절반 크기의 에러가 유도 될 수 있다. 이때 역 양자화 과정에서 원 영상의 DCT 계수는 알 수 없으며, 만약 DCT 계수를 양자화 간격 절반 크기 내로 대응 시킨다면 무한개의 해답이 존재하게 된다. 이 논문에서 우리는 하나의 해답을 구하기 위한 단서로, 양자화 에러는 양자화 간격의 절반 크기 내로 제한되어 있으며, 적어도 블록 경계면에서의 불연속성으로 나타나는 고주파 성분은 원 영상에 존재하지 않는다는 사실을 이용하게 된다. 이 두 가지 조건으로 우리는 역 양자화기의 정규화 과정을 거치게 된다. 정규화 된 역 양자화기는 역 양자화 과정에서 얻어지는 DCT 계수를 항상 양자화 에러, 즉 양자화 간격의 절반 크기 범위 내로 대응 시키게 된다. 논문에서 제안된 기술은 JPEG, MPEG-1, H.263+의 영상 압축 표준과 비교하였으며, 비교과정은 시각적인 효과로 기존의 일반적인 방법으로 영상을 복호할 때보다 블록화 현상이 감소한다는 것을 보여주게 되고 또한 원 영상과의 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Blockiness Measure (BM)에 대한 수치적인 비교 결과를 보여주게 된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.556-575
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• 2001

For the improvement of denture fitness of changed residual ridge, denture liner can be used. Denture liner should be very stable physically in various environments of the mouth as well as be bonded strongly with denture resin. In this study. the specimens bonded with four kinds of soft denture liner and three kinds of hard denture liner were used to test the physical properties of the liners. All experimental groups were stored in $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24hours, followed by thermocycling between $15^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ with 15 second dwell time. 1000, 2000, 3000 cycles of thermocycling were excuted and physical properties were measured by Instron Universal Testing Machine. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In tensile bond test of sea liners, it was shown that both of $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ specimens before and after thermocycling had the highest tensile strength, and in case of hard liners, Dura-Liner $II^{(R)}$ specimen had the highest tensile strength before and after thermocycling. Depending on thermocycling, $Soft-Relining^{(R)}$, $Denture-Relining^{(R)}$, $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$, $Coe-Soft^{(R)}$ and $Kooliner^{(R)}$ specimen showed significant difference(p<0.05). 2. In strain test of soft liners, it was shown that $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ specimen before thermocycling and the $Coe-Soft^{(R)}$ after thermocycling showed highest results, and in case of hard liners, the Dura-Liner $II^{(R)}$ specimen before and after thermocycling had the highest result. Depending on thormocycling, $Denture-Relining^{(R)}$, $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ and Dura-Liner $II^{(R)}$ specimen showed significant difference(p<0.05). 3. In maximum distance test of soft liners. the $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ specimen before thermocycling and the $Coe-Soft^{(R)}$ after thermocycling showed highest results. and in case of hard liners, the Dura-Liner $II^{(R)}$ specimen before and after thermocycling showed highest result. Depending on thermocycling, $Denture-Relining^{(R)}$, $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ specimens showed significant difference(p<0.05). 4. In elasticity test of soft liners, the $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ specimen before and after thermocycling showed highest result. and in case of hard liners, the Dura-Liner $II^{(R)}$ specimen before thermocycling and the $Tokuso-Rebase^{(R)}$ after thermocycling showed highest results. Depending on thermocycling, $Soft-Relining^{(R)}$ $Molloplast-B^{(R)}$ specimens showed significant difference (p<0.05).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.573-580
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• 2004

The Palatal masticatory mucosa was widely used as a donor site in periodontal and implant surgery. but there were relatively few studies investigating the thickness of the palatal mucosa in dentate subjects. The purpose of this study was to study the thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa in korean subjects by direct clinical technique. Forty systemically and periodontally healthy subjects(20 males:20 females) participated in this study. A bone sounding method using a periodontal probe with minimal anesthesia and a prepared clear acrylic stent was utilized to assess the thickness of palatal mucosa at 24 measurement points defined according to the gingival margin and mid palatal suture. The results are as follows; 1. Mean thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa was $3.5{\pm}0.4mm$. and no gender differences were identified in the thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa. 2. The thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa increased from canine to second molar area(with the exception of the first molar area). canine and first molar areas were significantly thinner than other areas(P<0.05). 3. The thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa significantly increased in the sites farther from the gingival margin towarding the mid-palate(P<0.05). The results suggest that within the limits of the present study, premolar area appears to be the most appropriate donor site for soft tissue grafting procedures.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2001

Purpose: Even with excellent surgical outcome, recurrence of early gastric cancer (EGC) after a curative resection is not declining because the incidence of EGC is increasing. The aim of this study was to propose an appropriate treatment strategy by assessing the risk factors for recurrence of curatively resected early gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Of 3662 patients who had undergone gastric resections for gastric cancer from 1987 to 1996, the cases of 1050 curatively resected EGC patients were reviewed retrospectively. Among those 1050 patients, 50 patients ($4.8\%$) were diagnosed as having recurrent cancer, which was confirmed by clinico-radiological examination or re-operation. The risk factors that determined the recurrence patterns were investigated by using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The mean time to recurrence was 30.9 months, and hematogenous recurrence was the most frequent type ($32.0\%$). Among the 50 recurred patients, peritoneal recurrence showed the shortest mean time to recurrence ($18.5\pm17.7$months). Between the recurred and the non-recurred patients, there was no statistically significant difference with respect to age, sex, operation type, tumor size, tumor location, gross appearance, or histological differentiation. However, depth of invasion (submucosal invasion) and nodal involvement were significantly different (P<0.001) between the two groups. Using logistic regression analyses, nodal involvement was the only significant risk factor for recurrence in early gastric cancer (P<0.001). The median survival after the recurrence had been diagnosed was 4 months. Conclusion: Although the prognosis for EGC patients is excellent and recurrence of EGC after a curative resection is rare, the time to recurrence and the patterns of recurrence in EGC patients were diverse and unpredictable, and the result after recurrence is dismal. Considering the impact of lymph node metastasis on recurrence of EGC, a systematic lymphadenectomy, rather than limited surgery, should be performed if lymph node involvement is confirmed pre- or intraoperatively. Also if the postoperative pathologic findings reveal lymph node involvement, adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended.

• IUGG한국위원회:학술대회논문집
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• IUGG한국위원회 2003년도 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.20-20
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• 2003

In the summers of 1997 and 1998 and in February of 2000 we made 570 measurements of the ambient geomagnetic field 120 cm above the pavement surface of State Route 130, south of Pahoa, the island of Hawaii using a three-component fluxgate magnetometer. We measured at every 15.2 m (50 feet) interval covering a distance of 6, 310 m (20, 704 ft) where both historic and pre-historic highly magnetic basalt flows underlie. We also collected 197 core samples from eight road cuts, 489 specimens of which were subject to AF demagnetizations at 5 - 10 mT level up to a maximum field of 60 mT. We observed significant inclination anomalies ranging from a minimum of $31^{\circ}$ to a maximum $40^{\circ}$ where a uniform inclination value of $36.7^{\circ}$ (International Geomagnetic Reference Field, IGRF) was expected. Since the mean of the observed inclinations is approximately $35^{\circ}$ we assume that the study area is slightly affected by the magnetic terrain effect to a systematically shallower inclinations for being located in the regionally sloping surface of the southern side of the island (Baag, et al., 1995). We observed inclination anomalies showing wider (spacial) wavelength (160 - 600 m) and higher amplitudes in the historic lava flows area than in the northern pre-historic flows. Our observations imply that preexisting inclination anomalies such as those that we observed would have been interpreted as paleosecular variation (PSV). These inclination anomalies can best be attributed to concealed underground highly magnetic dikes, channel type lava flows, on-and-off hydrothermal activities through fissure-like openings, etc. Both the within- and between-site dispersions of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) are largest (up to ${\pm}7^{\circ}$) above the flows of 1955, while the area of pre-historic flows in the northern part of the study area exhibit the smallest dispersion. Nevertheless, mean inclinations of each historic flow of 1955 and 1790 are almost identical to that of the corresponding present field, whereas mean of NRM (after AF demagnetization) inclinations for each of the four pre-historic lava flow units is twelve to thirteen degrees lower than the present field inclination. We observed three cases of very large inclination variations from within a single flow, the best fitting curves of which are linear, second and third order polynomials each from within a single flow, whereas no present field variations are observed. This phenomena can be attributed to the notion that local magnetic anomalies on the surface of an active volcano are not permanent, but are transient. Therefore we believe that local magnetic anomalies of an active volcano may be constantly modified due to on going subsurface injections and circulations of hot material and also due to wide spacial and temporal distribution of highly magnetic basaltic flows that will constantly modify the topography which will in turn modify the local ambient geomagnetic field (Baag, et al., 1995). Our observations bring into question the general reliability of PSV data inferred from volcanic rocks, because on-going various geologic and geophysical activities associated with active volcano would continuously deflect and modify the ambient geomagnetic field.