• Title/Summary/Keyword: PM machine

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A Study on Flux Barrier of Permanent Magnet Assisted Reluctance Synchronous Motor Design using FEM (FEM을 이용한 영구자석형 릴럭턴스 동기전동기의 자속 장벽 설계에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Nam-Hun;Nam, Sang-Hyun;Choi, Kyeong-Ho
    • The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.295-302
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    • 2008
  • This paper examines the design and the performance of a PMA-RSM(permanent-magnet assisted reluctance synchronous motor) for washing machine. A FEM(finite element method) is used to analyze performance and maximum torque characteristic of the proposed PMA-RSM. The designed motor is a combination of salient poles, which is making reluctance torque, and permanent magnet which are located on the air-gap of rotor to get a enough torque during low speed resign. Typical flux barrier type reluctance synchronous motor and the effects of adding magnet into the flux barrier of the rotor of a PMA-RSM are compared and examined. Also the maximum torque point of the reluctance torque by reluctance and reaction torque by magnetic alignment torque, which is in barrier, of the proposed PMS-RSM are derived through simulation. Using this results, the characteristics analysis of a performance, an average torque and a torque ripple of flux barrier RSM and the proposed PMA-RSM are performed through FEM under the saturation effect respectively.

EFFECTS OF SURFACE TREATMENT AND BONDING AGENTS ON SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF THE COMPOSITE RESION TO IPS-EMPRESS CERAMIC (IPS-Empress 도재에 대한 콤포짓트 레진의 전단결합강도)

  • Yoon, Byeung-Sik;Im, Mi-Kyung;Lee, Yong-Keun
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.413-423
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    • 1998
  • Dental ceramics exhibit excellent esthetic property, compressive strength, chemical durability, biocompatibility and translucency. This study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to the new heat-pressed ceramic material (IPS-Empress System) depending on the surface treatments and bonding agents. The surface treatments were etching with 4.0% hydrofluoric acid, application of silane, and the combination of the two methods. Composite resin was bonded to ceramic with four kinds of dentin bonding agents(All-Bond 2, Heliobond, Scotch bond Multi-purpose and Tenure bonding agents). The ceramic specimen bonded with composite resin was mounted in the testing jig, and the universal testing machine(Zwick 020, Germany) was used to measure the shear bond strength with the cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results obtained were as follows 1. The mean shear bond strength of the specimens of which the ceramic surface was treated with the combination of hydrofluoric acid and silane before bonding composite resin was significantly higher than those of the other surface treatment groups(p<0.05). 2. In the case of All-Bond 2 and Scotchbond Multi-purpose bonding agent group, the surface treatment methods did not influenced significantly on the shear bond(p>0.05). 3. Of the four bonding agents tested, the shear bond strength of Heliobond was significantly lower than those of other bonding agents regardless of the surface treatment methods(p<0.05). 4. The highest shear bond strength($12.55{\pm}1.92$ MPa) was obtained with Scotchbond Multipurpose preceded by the ceramic surface treatment with the combination of 4% hydrofluoric acid and silane.

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Experimental Analysis for Core Losses Prediction in Electric Machines by Using Soft Magnetic Composite (복합 연자성 소재의 전동기 코어손실 예측을 위한 실험적 분석)

  • Park, Eui-Jong;Kim, Yong-Jae
    • The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.471-476
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    • 2021
  • Soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials based on powder metallurgy have a number of advantages over the conventional electrical steel sheets commonly used in electric machines. Thus, technologies related to these materials have shown significant improvement in recent years. In general, SMCs are magnetically isotropic owing to the shape of the powder, which makes them suitable for the construction of electric machines with three-dimensional flux and complex structures. However, the materials with isotropic magnetic properties (such as SMCs) have complex vector hysteresis; thus, it is very difficult to predict accurate loss properties. Therefore, we manufactured ring-type specimens of electrical steel sheets and SMC, which analyzed their magnetic properties according to the specimen size, and performed the electromagnetic field analysis of a high-speed permanent magnet (PM) motor driven at 800 Hz or higher using the measured magnetic information to compare the core loss of the motor. The reliability of this paper has been verified by measuring the efficiency after manufacturing the motor.

A Study on the Hydrological Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(HQPF) based on Machine Learning for Rainfall Impact Forecasting (호우 영향예보를 위한 머신러닝 기반의 수문학적 정량강우예측(HQPF) 연구)

  • Choo, Kyung-Su;Shin, Yoon-Hu;Kim, Sung-Min;Jee, Yongkeun;Lee, Young-Mi;Kang, Dong-Ho;Kim, Byung-Sik
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.63-63
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    • 2022
  • 기상 예보자료는 발생 가능한 재난의 예방 및 대비 차원에서 매우 중요한 자료로 활용되고 있다. 우리나라 기상청에서는 동네예보를 통해 5km 공간해상도의 1시간 간격 초단기예보와, 6시간 간격 정량강우예보(Quantitative Precipitation Forecast, QPF)의 단기예보 정보를 제공하고 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 예보자료는 강우량의 시·공간변화가 큰 집중호우와 같은 기상자료를 활용한 수문학적인 해석에는 한계가 있다. 예보자료를 수문학에 활용하기 위한 시·공간적 해상도 개선뿐만 아니라 방대한 기상 및 기후 자료의 예측성능을 개선하기 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기상청이 제공하는 지역 앙상블 예측 시스템(Local ENsemble prediction System, LENS)와 종관기상관측시스템(ASOS) 및 방재기상관측시스템(AWS) 관측 데이터 및 동네예보에 기계학습 방법을 적용하여 수문학적 정량적 강수량 예측(Hydrological Quantitative Precipitation Forecast, HQPF) 정보를 생산하였다. 전처리 과정을 통해 모든 데이터의 시간해상도와 공간해상도를 동일한 해상도로 변환하였으며, 예측 변수의 인자 분석을 통해 기계학습의 예측 변수를 도출하였다. 기계학습 방법으로는 처리속도와 확장성을 고려하여 XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting) 방식을 적용하였으며, 집중호우에서의 예측정확도를 높이기 위해 확률매칭(PM) 방식을 적용하였다. 생산된 HQPF의 성능을 평가하기 위해 2020년에 발생한 14건의 호우 사상을 대상으로 태풍형과 비태풍형으로 구분하여 검증을 수행하였다.

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Evaluating the prediction models of leaf wetness duration for citrus orchards in Jeju, South Korea (제주 감귤 과수원에서의 이슬지속시간 예측 모델 평가)

  • Park, Jun Sang;Seo, Yun Am;Kim, Kyu Rang;Ha, Jong-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.262-276
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    • 2018
  • Models to predict Leaf Wetness Duration (LWD) were evaluated using the observed meteorological and dew data at the 11 citrus orchards in Jeju, South Korea from 2016 to 2017. The sensitivity and the prediction accuracy were evaluated with four models (i.e., Number of Hours of Relative Humidity (NHRH), Classification And Regression Tree/Stepwise Linear Discriminant (CART/SLD), Penman-Monteith (PM), Deep-learning Neural Network (DNN)). The sensitivity of models was evaluated with rainfall and seasonal changes. When the data in rainy days were excluded from the whole data set, the LWD models had smaller average error (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) about 1.5hours). The seasonal error of the DNN model had the similar magnitude (RMSE about 3 hours) among all seasons excluding winter. The other models had the greatest error in summer (RMSE about 9.6 hours) and the lowest error in winter (RMSE about 3.3 hours). These models were also evaluated by the statistical error analysis method and the regression analysis method of mean squared deviation. The DNN model had the best performance by statistical error whereas the CART/SLD model had the worst prediction accuracy. The Mean Square Deviation (MSD) is a method of analyzing the linearity of a model with three components: squared bias (SB), nonunity slope (NU), and lack of correlation (LC). Better model performance was determined by lower SB and LC and higher NU. The results of MSD analysis indicated that the DNN model would provide the best performance and followed by the PM, the NHRH and the CART/SLD in order. This result suggested that the machine learning model would be useful to improve the accuracy of agricultural information using meteorological data.

The Precision Test Based on States of Bone Mineral Density (골밀도 상태에 따른 검사자의 재현성 평가)

  • Yoo, Jae-Sook;Kim, Eun-Hye;Kim, Ho-Seong;Shin, Sang-Ki;Cho, Si-Man
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.67-72
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: ISCD (International Society for Clinical Densitometry) requests that users perform mandatory Precision test to raise their quality even though there is no recommendation about patient selection for the test. Thus, we investigated the effect on precision test by measuring reproducibility of 3 bone density groups (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). Materials and Methods: 4 users performed precision test with 420 patients (age: $57.8{\pm}9.02$) for BMD in Asan Medical Center (JAN-2008 ~ JUN-2008). In first group (A), 4 users selected 30 patient respectively regardless of bone density condition and measured 2 part (L-spine, femur) in twice. In second group (B), 4 users measured bone density of 10 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users but dividing patient into 3 stages (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). In third group (C), 2 users measured 30 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users considering bone density condition. We used GE Lunar Prodigy Advance (Encore. V11.4) and analyzed the result by comparing %CV to LSC using precision tool from ISCD. Check back was done using SPSS. Results: In group A, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.16, 1.01, 1.19, 0.65 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.69, 0.58, 0.97, 0.47 g/$cm^2$ in femur. In group B, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.01, 1.19, 0.83, 1.37 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 1.03, 0.54, 0.69, 0.58 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When comparing results (group A, B), we found no considerable differences. In group C, the user_1's %CV of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis were 1.26, 0.94, 0.94 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.94, 0.79, 1.01 g/$cm^2$ in femur. And the user_2's %CV were 0.97, 0.83, 0.72 g/$cm^2$ L-spine and 0.65, 0.65, 1.05 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When analyzing the result, we figured out that the difference of reproducibility was almost not found but the differences of two users' several result values have effect on total reproducibility. Conclusions: Precision test is a important factor of bone density follow up. When Machine and user's reproducibility is getting better, it’s useful in clinics because of low range of deviation. Users have to check machine's reproducibility before the test and keep the same mind doing BMD test for patient. In precision test, the difference of measured value is usually found for ROI change caused by patient position. In case of osteoporosis patient, there is difficult to make initial ROI accurately more than normal and osteopenia patient due to lack of bone recognition even though ROI is made automatically by computer software. However, initial ROI is very important and users have to make coherent ROI because we use ROI Copy function in a follow up. In this study, we performed precision test considering bone density condition and found LSC value was stayed within 3%. There was no considerable difference. Thus, patient selection could be done regardless of bone density condition.

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The Influence of Surface Treatments on Shear Bond Strength between Zirconia Core and Heat Press Ceramic Interface (지르코니아 코어의 표면처리방법이 열 가압 세라믹과의 전단결합강도에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Hang-Min;Chung, In-Sung
    • Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.23-30
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    • 2009
  • All-ceramic restorations have gained acceptance among clinicians and patients because of their superior esthetics. Most all-ceramic systems have a 2-layer structure, using a weak veneering ceramic over a strong supporting core. often, failure of all-ceramic restorations occurs when the veneering ceramic fractures, exposing the core material. The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of heat press ceramic system (Zirpress) to zirconia core with various surface treatments. 10 metal cores and 50 zirconia cores were fabricated and divided into six groups according to surface treatment such as Zirliner application, aluminium oxide blasting, and 9.5% HF etching. Sixty specimens were prepared using Zirpress, veneered 8mm height and 3mm in diameter, over the zirconia cores (n=10). The shear bond strength test was performed in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1/min. Ultimate shear bond strength data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and the Scheffe's test (p=.05). Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: The mean shear bond strengths (MPa) were: 12.93 for $110{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting/Rexillium III/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 14.92 for $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting ${\pm}9.5%$ HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 16.37 for $110{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting + 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 12.89 for $200{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting + 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 19.30 for 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress; 19.55 for Zirliner/Zirconis core/IPS e.Max Zirpress. The mean shear bond strength for ZNTZH (Zirliner/Zirconis core) and ZNTEH (9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core) were significantly superior to MS110H ($110{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting/Rexillium III) and ZS200EH ($200{\mu}$ aluminium oxide blasting + 9.5% HF etching/Zirconis core) (p<0.05).

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Fabrication and Properties of D-Glass Fiber with Low Dielectric Constant (저유전율을 가지는 D-Glass Fiber의 제조 및 특성)

  • Jeong, Bora;Lee, Ji-Sun;Lee, MiJai;Lim, Tae-Young;Lee, Youngjin;Jeon, Dae-Woo;Shin, Dongwook;Kim, Jin-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.254-259
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    • 2018
  • General D-glass(Dielectric glass) fibers are adaptable to PCBs(Printed circuit boards) because they have a low dielectric constant of about 3.5~4.5. However, very few papers have appeared on the physical characteristics of D-glass fibers. D-glass fibers were fabricated via continuous spinning process using bulk D-glass. In order to fabricate the D-glass, raw materials were put into a Pt crucible, melted at $1650^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs, and then annealed at $521{\pm}10^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs. We obtained transparent clear glass. The transmittance and adaptable temperature for spinning of the bulk marble glass were characterized using a UV-visible spectrometer and a viscometer. Continuous spinning was carried out using direct melting spinning equipment as a function of the fiberizing temperature in the range of $1368^{\circ}C$ to $1460^{\circ}C$, while the winder speed was between 100 rpm and 200 rpm. We investigated the physical properties of the D-glass fibers. The average diameters of the glass fibers were measured by optical microscope and FE-SEM. The average diameters of the D-glass fibers were 21.36 um at 100 rpm and 34.06 um at 200 rpm. The mechanical properties of the fibers were confirmed using a UTM(Universal materials testing machine). The average tensile strengths of the D-glass fibers were 467.03 MPa at 100 rpm and 522.60 MPa at 200 rpm.

SHEAR BOND STRENGTHS OF COMPOSITE RESIN TO PORCELAINS AMONG PORCELAIN REPAIR SYSTEMS (도재 수리시스템에 따른 도재와 복합레진의 전단결합강도)

  • Kim, Kyoung-Kyu;Shin, Sang-Wan;Lee, Jeong-Yeol;Kim, Young-Su
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.419-430
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: This in vitro study evaluated shear bond strengths of surface treatment porcelains with four porcelain repair systems simulating intraoral bonding of composite resin to feldspathic porcelain or pressable porcelain. Material and methods: Eighty Porcelain disks were prepared. Group A: forty disk specimens were fabricated with Feldspathic Porcelain($Omega^{(R)}900$, Vident, Menlo Park, CA, USA). Group B: forty disk specimens were fabricated with Pressable Porcelain(IPS Empress 2 ingot, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein, Germany). Each groups was divided into 4 subgroups and composite resin cylinders were bonded to specimen with one of the following four systems: Clearfil Porcelain Bond(L. Morita, Tustin, CA, USA), Ulradent Porcelain Etch. (Ultradent, Salt Lake City UT, USA), Porcelain Liner-M(Sun Medical Co., Kyoto, Japan), Cimara Kit(Voco, Germany). After surface conditioning with one of the four porcelain repair systems substrate surfaces of the specimen were examined microscopically(SEM). Shear bond strengths of specimens for each subgroup were determined with a universal testing machine (5mm/min crosshead speed) after storing them in distilled water at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Stress at failure was measured in $MP_a$, and mode of failure was recorded. Differences among four repair systems were analyzed with two way ANOVA and Duncan test at the 95% significance level. Results: In the scanning electron photomicrograph of the treated porcelain surface, hydrofluoric acid etched group appeared the highest roughness. The shear bond strength of the phosphoric acid etched group was not significantly(p>0.05) different between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain. But in no treatment and roughened with a bur group, the shear bond strength of the feldspathic porcelain was significantly higher than that of the pressable porcelain. In hydrofluoric acid etched group, the shear bond strength of the pressable porcelain was significantly higher(p<0.05). Conclusion: 1. Treatment groups showed significantly greater shear bond strengths than no treatment group(p<0.05). 2. Group with more roughened porcelain surface did not always show higher shear bond strengths. 3. In phosphoric acid etched group, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain(p>0.05). However in the other groups, there were significant differences in shear bond strengths between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain(p<0.05).

Effects of Various Acid Etching Methods on the Shear Bond Strength between Iithium Disilicate Ceramic and Composite Resin (다양한 산처리 방법이 lithium Disilicate 도재와 복합레진간의 전단결합강도에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Dae-Hyun;Bok, Won-Mi;Song, Jin-Won;Song, Kwang-Yeob;Ahn, Seung-Ggeun
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.149-159
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    • 2006
  • Statement of problem. Porcelain repair mainly involves replacement with composite resin, but the bond strength between composite resin and all-ceramic coping materials has not been studies extensively. Purpose. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of composite resin and ceramic etching pattern on shear bond strength of Empress2 ceramic and observe the change of microstructure of ceramic according to etching methods. Material and methods. Eighty-five cylinder shape ceramic specimens (diameter 5mm, IPS Empress 2 core materials) embeded by acrylic resin were used for this study. The ceramic were specimens divided into sixteen experimental groups with 5 specimens in each group and were etched with phosphoric acid(37%, 65%) & hydrofluoric acid (4%, 9%) according to different etching times(30s, 60s, 120s 180s). All etched ceramic surfaces were examined morphologically using SEM(scanning electron microscopy). Etched surfaces of ceramic specimens were coated with silane (Monobond-S) & adhesive(Heliobond) and built up composite resin using Teflon mold. Accomplished specimens were tested under shear loading until fracture on universal testing machine at a crosshead speed 1mm/min; the maximum load at fracture(kg) was recorded. Shear bond strength data were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Duncan tests.(P<.05) Results. Maximum shear bond strength was $30.07{\pm}2.41(kg)$ when the ceramic was etched with 4% hydrofluoric acid at 120s. No significant difference was found between phosphoric etchant group and control group with respect to shear bond strength. Conclusion. Empress 2 ceramic surface was not etched by phosphoric acid, but etched by hydrofluoric acid.