• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1875-1879
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. A very important factor in the timely treatment and prevention of progression is high breast cancer awareness. Rural women are at risk of latte stage breast cancer due to poor education and lack of access to medical facilities. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional-descriptive study was conducted on 266 women (out of 300) aged over 18 in rural areas of Zabol, Southeastern Iran during July 2015 to October 2015. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that measured participant knowledge of breast cancer in four aspects (general awareness, risk factors, mammography, and symptoms). SPSS 22 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 266 participants, age information was available for 261. The age range was between 19 and 62, with a mean of $27{\pm}2.1years$. Most participants (154, 57.9%) had an average overall awareness of breast cancer. In the general awareness dimension, most participants (130, 48.9%) had poor scores. Most (166, 62.4%) also had average awareness about risk factors and many (137, 51.5%) had good awareness about mammography. Most participants did not know that changes in breast shape (232, 88.2%), dimpling of breast skin (192, 72.3%) and nipple discharge (183, 69.6%) are the main symptoms of breast cancer. ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between awareness level and participant education and occupation (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicated average awareness of participants about breast cancer. Since rural women have lower levels of education, it is recommended that educational courses with contents about breast cancer, its risk factors, and symptoms be held for these women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3105-3109
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• 2016

Background: Patients' spiritual needs increase drastically after a diagnosis of cancer because of its threatening nature. It is very important to recognize any spiritual crisis. This study aimed to determine needs among Iranian patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken among 200 patients with cancer referred to Alinasab and Shahid Ghazi Tabatabaie hospitals of Tabriz, Iran. The Spiritual Needs Scale was used for data collection. Results: The mean age of participants was $45.9{\pm}16.4$ years. The majority expressed their main spiritual wishes as "think to God", "trust to God", "see others happy", "try for life beside the disease", "to be prayed for by others', and "need for kindness and help others". Regarding the relationship between demographic characteristics, factors related to disease and the total score of spiritual needs, the results of chi-square tests showed a significant statistical correlations with occupation (p=0.01) and number of children (p=0.03). Also the results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a significant statistical correlation between hospitalization frequency and patients' spiritual needs (p<0.01, r=-0.24). Conclusions: Determination of spiritual needs of patients with cancer in this study can help health carers and especially nurses to design appropriate spiritual care programs based on individual preferences.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.673-677
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• 2013

Introduction: Capture-recapture methods have been suggested for reducing costs of disease registration as well as reducing bias in incidence estimations. This study aimed to estimate the gastric cancer incidence in the Tehran metropolis population during 2002-2006. Materials and Methods: We investigated new cases of gastric cancer reported by three sources; death certificates, pathology reports, and medical records to Tehran population-based cancer registry during 2002-2006. $G^2$ statistics and the two-source capture-recapture method were used to select the best-fitted log-linear model and to estimate incidence, respectively. EXCEL software version 2007 and SPSS software version 16 were used for this research. Results: The number of reported cases was 4,463, with an average age of 68.5 (${\pm}12.9$) years. We found the model that combined two sources of data including pathology reports and medical records and furthermore complemented by death certificates as the best model. The reported and the estimated incidences were 11.0 and 27.1 per 100,000 respectively. Conclusions: The incidence estimated by two-source capture-recapture method is about three times higher than the incidence reported by the sources under investigation. It is recommended to move towards the implementation of population-based cancer registration using various sources of data collection to achieve more accurate data.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.817-828
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• 1999

This is a descriptive study on quality of life(QOL) and related factors of ostomates to provide a basic data for development of nursing interventions. The subjects were 110 ostomates who were members of the Daegu or Daejon branches of the Korean Ostomy Association. Data collection was performed between March 1st and April 6th, 1998. Measurements of QOL, self-care, family support, self-esteem, and hope were used as the study tools. Data were analyzed with the SAS program by using t-test, ANOVA Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The results are as follows : 1) The score on the QOL scale ranged from 97 to 226 with a mean of 164.53($\pm$28.29). 2) The score of QOL on the general and ostomate-related characteristics showed significant differences according to monthly income, monthly participation in ostomate meetings, combined treatments after operation, types of evacuation management, problems of ostomy, help in caring for the ostomy, length of time since ostomate surgery, and presence or absence of readmission after discharge. 3) There were significant positive correlations between quality of life and other factors : self-esteem(r＝0.7107, P＜0.001), hope(r＝0.6584, P＜0.001) family support(r＝0.6191, P＜0.001), perception of health condition(r＝0.6017, P＜0.001), and self-care (r＝0.2286, P＜0.05). 4) The variables that affected the quality of life of the subjects were self-esteem, level of family support, perception of health condition, monthly participation in ostomate meetings, combined treatments after operation, monthly income, level of hope, and age in that order. The variance of quality of life was $R^2$＝77.20 percent by calculating the sum of those variables. In conclusion, it is necessary for nursing intervention to promote self-esteem, family support, and hope in the care of ostomates in order to improve QOL.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1995

This study was carried out to characterize sources of suspended particulate matter(SPM) in Mt. Soback area from January to Novembver in 1993. The collection and major water soluble ion analysis of SPM were conducted by using a High Volumn Air Sampler(HVAS; W&A Inc., PM-10) and ion chromatograph(DIONEX 4000i), respectively. The variations of SPM and major ion concentrations were found to be 9. sim. 156.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, $F^{-10}$ 0.00 .sim. 0.15.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, C $l^{-10}$ 0.06 .sim. 3.79.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, N $O_{3}$$^{-10}$ 0.90 .sim. 6.85.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ 1.99 .sim. 9.36.mu.g/ $m^{3}$ N $a^{+}$0.00 .sim. 0.27.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, N $H_{4}$ $^{+}$0.72 .sim. 5.77.mu.g/ $m^{3}$, $k^{+}$0.03 .sim. 0.88.mu.g/ $m^{3}$ and $Ca^{2+}$0.12 .sim. 2.76.mu.g/ $m^{3}$. Tree sources were identified by Principal Component Amalysis(PCA) using a SPSS/P $C^{+}$. The explanation ability of forst, second and third Principal Component were 60.8%, 13.6%, 8.2%, of total variance. The sources classfied by PCA were found to be secondary aerosol/fuel combustion, soil dust related cement production/yellow sand and aerosol related waste burning.related waste burning.g.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the obesity stress, weight bias and health care on Body Mass Index (BMI) in soldiers of non-combat area and to provide data for improving the quality of their life. Methods: This research involved 165 soldiers working in non-combat area. Data collection was conducted from November 1 to 20, 2015. Statistical analysis of the collected data were t-test and ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ method post hoc analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple liner regression using IBM SPSS 22.0. Results: The mean score of obesity stress was moderate ($19.05{\pm}5.28$). The mean score of weight bias was 69.03 and health care was 2.41 points. There are a positive correlation between obesity stress and BMI (r=.19, p<.05). Weight bias (r=-.19, p<.01) and health care (r=-.26, p<.01) among the subjects had negative correlations with BMI. In a multiple liner regression, obesity stress (${\beta}=.18$, p<.05), health care (${\beta}=-.18$, p<.05) were associated with BMI. Conclusion: Based on the findings that obesity stress and health care influence BMI, there is a need to control stress and to properly set proper guidelines on health care for soldiers.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2013

A DBLP(Double blind light pipe) daylight system can be installed at a building exterior wall or roof to replace artificial light during the day time. This system was consisted of a double blind light collector, a mirror duct type light transformer and a prism light pipe distributor. The double blinds were used to track the sun's altitude and azimuth movements to collect the sunlight throughout the day. The sunlight collected by the light collector was reflected on the first mirror and the second mirror and sent to the light pipe through the light transformer. The transformer was designed to deliver the sunlight into the light pipe efficiently. The light distributor plays a role in diffusing the sunlight coming in through the light collector to be used for indoor lighting. In this paper, a DBLP system has been designed, installed and tested at a KIER daylighting twin test cell. The DBLP daylighting system was applied to the experimental test cell which has an indoor area of 2.0 m wide ${\times}$ 2.4 m height ${\times}$ 3.8 m length. The experiment was conducted from January 30 to February 27, 2012, under clear skies and partially cloudy skies. Data was collected from 10:00 am to 16:00 pm every 2 minute and the average was calculated for every 30 minute of the data collection to obtain the system efficiency. The results indicated that the DBLP system efficiency was evaluated as 11.67%. The DBLP system indoor illumination energy reduction was predicted as 0.822 kWh/day. This could replace 4 sets of a 32W fluorescent lamp operating 6.4 hours per a day.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of aroma hand massage with hand massage without aroma on well-being of hospice patients. Methods: The design of this study is a quasi-experimental design. Data collection was conducted from May to December, 2012. Sixteen subjects were participated in the experimental group (aroma hand massage) and thirteen were paticipated in the control group (hand massage without aroma). The essential oil for aroma therapy was composed with 1% of Lavender and Bergamot. The aroma hand massage for the experimental group and hand massage for the control group were provided at 9 pm once a day for five days in a row. Subjects' characteristics and well-being were measured. To test the effect of aroma therapy a t-test was used with SPSS WIN 18.0. Results: There was no difference on well-being between aroma hand massage only group and hand massage group (t=1.90, p=.068). Conclusion: To develop aroma therapy to improve well-being for hospice patients, does not show that hand massage with aroma oil is superior them hand massage only for hospice patients. we recommend further studies to consider patients' preferences to aroma essential oil, aroma concentration and the time to provide aroma therapy need to be assessed.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the factors of the job stress and to analysis affecting job satisfaction in clinical nurses, using the Job Stress Model by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Method: Data collection was done from July 21 to July 30, 2003. The study was involved in 203 nurses who work at the hospital. It was examined the self-recording questionnaire about general characteristics, work-related factors, non-work factors, instrument revised by NIOSH Job Stress questionnaire translated by the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute(1999). Instrument about shift work was the tool developed by Kim and Gu(1984). Result: Job satisfaction of subjects at an average level with $1.96{\pm}0.37$ score on the basis of 3 points. According to general characteristics, job satisfaction was high in those with older age and married group. According to work related general factors, job satisfaction was high with working career, an officer to higher grade. According to work characteristics factors, job satisfaction was low with much role conflict at work and much workload and much interpersonal conflict. As for the relationship between job satisfaction and non-work factor, job satisfaction was did not show statistically significant differences. As a result of Stepwise multiple regression analysis, job satisfaction was influenced by shift work, conflicts of between group and grade of office. Conclusion: Therefore, it suggests that the nurses need stress management related shift work for improvement of job satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.394-400
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate the environmental factors affecting milk ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and acetone (Ac) concentrations in Holstein cattle. A total of 264,221 test-day records collected from the Korea Animal Improvement Association (KAIA) during the period of 2012 to 2014 were used in this study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the factors significantly affecting ketone body concentrations. Parameters considered in the model were season of test, season of calving, parity, lactation stage, and milk collecting time (AM and PM). According to the ANOVA, the $R^2$ for milk BHBA and Ac were 0.5226 and 0.4961, respectively. 'Season of test' showed a considerable influence on ketone body concentration. Least square (LS) means for milk BHBA concentrations was the lowest ($39.04{\mu}M$) in winter while it increased up to $62.91{\mu}M$ in summer. But Ac concentration did not significantly change along with 'season of test'. The means of milk BHBA and Ac concentrations were high at first lactation stage, low around second lactation stage, and then gradually increased. Cows milked in the morning had lower mean BHBA and Ac concentrations ($48.49{\mu}M$ and $121.69{\mu}M$, respectively) in comparison to those milked in the evening ($53.46{\mu}M$ and $130.42{\mu}M$, respectively). The LS means of BHBA and Ac slightly increased over parities. These results suggest that proper maintenance of milk collection, herd management programs, and evaluation of ketone body levels in milk should be considered for the efficient management of resistance to ketosis.