• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2009

Under-fired charbroiling cooking processes are known as important contributors of particulate matter (PM). In this study, we characterized the emission of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking processes using the hood method. Accumulated mass concentration of $PM_{10}$ was 92.2~99.5% and particle size of 2.0~2.5 ${\mu}m$ was highest. The concentration of PM increased very sharply at the beginning of charbroiling meats and then gradually decreased as the charbroiling continued. PM concentration also increased very sharply when gravy from meat spilled onto the frame of fire. However, mass concentration during charbroiling using only charcoals was very low compared to that of meats. We estimated the emission factors of charcoal, pork belly and pork shoulder respectively; 0.01~0.02 g/kg, 5.02~6.26 g/kg, 2.86~4.15 g/kg of $PM_{2.5}$, 0.01~0.03 g/kg, 7.44~7.91 g/kg, 4.54~5.56 g/kg of $PM_{10}$, and 0.02~0.05 g/kg, 7.59~7.95 g/kg, 4.93~5.68 g/kg of TSP. The emission factors of charcoal were negligible and the emission factors of pork belly were higher than that of pork shoulder. Emission rates of particulate matters from under-fired charbroiling cooking process were estimated as 578,009~1,265,152 kg/yr of $PM_{2.5}$, 917,539~1,598,619 kg/yr of $PM_{10}$ and 996.358~1,606,703 kg/yr of TSP. But emission factors should be verified with an in-stack cascade impactor because the reported method involves some assumptions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제84권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2021

Background: Particulate matter 10 (PM₁₀; airborne particles <10 ㎛) inhalation has been demonstrated to induce airway and lung diseases. In this study, we investigate the effects of PM₁₀ inhalation on RNA expression in lung tissues using a murine model. Methods: Female BALB/c mice were affected with PM₁₀, ovalbumin (OVA), or both OVA and PM₁₀. PM₁₀ was administered intranasally while OVA was both intraperitoneally injected and intranasally administered. Treatments occurred 4 times over a 2-week period. Two days after the final challenges, mice were sacrificed. Full RNA sequencing using lung homogenates was conducted. Results: While PM₁₀ did not induce cell proliferation in bronchoalveolar fluid or lead to airway hyper-responsiveness, it did cause airway inflammation and lung fibrosis. Levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β in lung homogenates were significantly elevated in the PM₁₀-treated group, compared to the control group. The PM₁₀ group also showed increased RNA expression of Rn45a, Snord22, Atp6v0c-ps2, Snora28, Snord15b, Snora70, and Mmp12. Generally, genes associated with RNA splicing, DNA repair, the inflammatory response, the immune response, cell death, and apoptotic processes were highly expressed in the PM₁₀-treated group. The OVA/PM₁₀ treatment did not produce greater effects than OVA alone. However, the OVA/PM₁₀-treated group did show increased RNA expression of Clca1, Snord22, Retnla, Prg2, Tff2, Atp6v0c-ps2, and Fcgbp when compared to the control groups. These genes are associated with RNA splicing, DNA repair, the inflammatory response, and the immune response. Conclusion: Inhalation of PM₁₀ extensively altered RNA expression while also inducing cellular inflammation, fibrosis, and increased inflammatory cytokines in this murine mouse model.

• 대기
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.391-404
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• 2020

To understand the characteristics of the relationship between visibility and particulate matter (PM) in different meteorological conditions, we investigated the contributions of PM and relative humidity (RH) to visibility in Seoul, South Korea. For the period from 2001 to 2018, both PM and RH show descending trends, resulting in a visibility increase. PM has little impact on the hourly variation of visibility, which could be explained more by the RH variability. Meanwhile, the daily change of PM accounts for daily visibility variation. For the monthly variation of visibility, both PM and RH showed similar influence. The correlation coefficients of PM10, PM2.5, and RH with visibility was -0.486, -0.644, and -0.556, respectively, which became higher during the high PM seasons of spring and winter. The correlation coefficient between PM2.5 and visibility was -0.454 for RH higher than 80%, and -0.780 for RH between 40% and 60%. From 2017 to 2018, there were 10 cases of extreme visibility impairment, among which five cases were incurred by high PM pollution, and two cases were by high humidity. Further analysis with PM chemical composition measurements is required to better understand the characteristics of visibility in Seoul.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 2015

Particulate $matter_{2.5}$ ($PM_{2.5}$) is notorious for its strong toxic effects on the cardiovascular, skin, nervous, and reproduction systems. However, the molecular mechanism by which $PM_{2.5}$ aggravates disease progression is poorly understood, especially in a water-soluble state. In the current study, we investigated the putative physiological effects of aqueous $PM_{2.5}$ solution on lipoprotein metabolism. Collected $PM_{2.5}$ from Seoul, Korea was dissolved in water, and the water extract (final 3 and 30 ppm) was treated to human serum lipoproteins, macrophages, and dermal cells. $PM_{2.5}$ extract resulted in degradation and aggregation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL); apoA-I in HDL aggregated and apo-B in LDL disappeared. $PM_{2.5}$ treatment (final 30 ppm) also induced cellular uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into macrophages, especially in the presence of fructose (final 50 mM). Uptake of oxLDL along with production of reactive oxygen species was accelerated by $PM_{2.5}$ solution in a dose-dependent manner. Further, $PM_{2.5}$ solution caused cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblast cells. Microinjection of $PM_{2.5}$ solution into zebrafish embryos induced severe mortality accompanied by impairment of skeletal development. In conclusion, water extract of $PM_{2.5}$ induced oxidative stress as a precursor to cardiovascular toxicity, skin cell senescence, and embryonic toxicity via aggregation and proteolytic degradation of serum lipoproteins.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.162-169
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• 2024

Particulate matter (PM) constitutes a hazardous blend of organic and inorganic particles that poses health risks. Inhalation of fine airborne PM with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 ㎛ (PM_2.5) can lead to significant lung impairments. (+)-afzelechin (AZC), a natural compound sourced from Bergenia ligulata, boasts a range of attributes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and cardiovascular effects. However, knowledge about the therapeutic potential of AZC for patients with PM_2.5-induced lung injuries remains limited. Thus, in this study, we investigated the protective attributes of AZC against lung damage caused by PM_2.5 exposure. AZC was administered to the mice 30 min after intratracheal instillation of PM_2.5. Various parameters, such as changes in lung tissue wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio, total protein/total cell ratio, lymphocyte counts, levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), vascular permeability, and histology, were evaluated in mice exposed to PM_2.5. Data demonstrated that AZC mitigated lung damage, reduced W/D weight ratio, and curbed hyperpermeability induced by PM_2.5 exposure. Furthermore, AZC effectively lowered plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by PM_2.5 exposure. It reduced the total protein concentration in BALF and successfully alleviated PM_2.5-induced lymphocytosis. Additionally, AZC substantially diminished the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and autophagy-related proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1. In contrast, it elevated the protein phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Consequently, the anti-inflammatory attribute of AZC positions it as a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating PM_2.5-induced lung injuries by modulating the TLR4-MyD88 and mTOR-autophagy pathways.

• 지역연구
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2021

미세먼지는 인간의 수명을 단축시키고 각종 암을 유발하는 대기오염 물질이다. 따라서 도시민은 미세먼지 농도에 따라 도시활동을 조정할 수 있다. 미세먼지가 도시민의 활동에 미치는 영향은 미세먼지의 지속 기간, 미세먼지 경보 여부에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 또한 도시활동의 유형과 장소, 도시민의 미세먼지 취약 정도에 따라 회피행동의 수준이 다르게 나타날 수 있다. 이처럼 다양한 요인들에 따라 도시민의 미세먼지 대응 방식이 다르게 나타날 수 있음에도, 이에 관한 연구적 증거는 매우 미흡한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서울시 도심 중 하나인 종로구를 대상으로 미세먼지가 도시민의 활동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 SKT의 휴대전화신호 자료와 토지이용 자료를 연계하여 도시활동 유형·연령별 일 단위 활동인구 수를 추출하고, 미세먼지 농도, 미세먼지 지속일 수, 미세먼지 경보 여부의 영향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 미세먼지에 대한 회피행동이 도시활동의 유형, 활동장소의 물리적 특성(실내·야외), 미세먼지 지속 기간, 미세먼지 경보 여부, 도시민의 연령에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 미세먼지가 도시민의 활동에 미치는 영향을 다각적으로 제공하여, 공공의 미세먼지 저감 및 적응 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.469-476
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• 2000

This study was performed to understand the behavior and source characteristics of particulate trace metals in Daegu area. To do this, total of 84 samples had been collected from January to December 1999. TSP (total suspended particulate matter) and PM-10(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less 10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) were collected by filters on portable air sampler, and in TSP and PM-10 were analyzed by ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer) after preliminary treatment. The results were follow as: first, annul means of TSP and PM-10 concentration were 123 and 69$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎤ respectively. The concentration of TSP adn PM-10 were highest in winter season compared to other seasons. Second, the concentration of Al, Fe, Mn were higher in TSP than in PM-10, indicating that these metals are generally associate with natural contributions. Third, a hierarchical clustering technique was used to group 9 metals. The results from the cluster analysis of TSP and PM-10 shows a similar clustering pattern : Fe, Al in a group and the rest of the metals such as Ni, Cr, As, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn in the other group. One group of metal such as Fe, Al is associated with natural sources such as soil and dust. The other is closely related to urban anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion, incineration, and refuse burning, Finally, using Al as a reference element, enrichment factors were used for identifying the major particulate contributors. The enrichment factors of Al. Fe<10 (standard value of enrichment factor) were considered to have a significant dust and soil source and termed nonenriched. Ni, Cr, As, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn》10 is enriched and has a significant which is contributed by athropogenic sources.

• 분석과학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2007

대전시 3, 4 공단지역의 대기 중 미세분진을 대상으로 기기 중성자방사화분석법을 이용하여 유해금속을 포함한 약 27종의 미량원소를 분석하였다. 원소분석에 대한 정확도를 평가하기 위해 NIST SRM 2783(air particulate on filter media)을 사용하여 동일한 조건에서 분석한 결과, Sb, Mn, V, Mg, Na, K, Ti, Co, Zn, Sm은 상대오차 5% 이내의 매우 정확한 분석결과를 보였고 Cr, Fe, Ba, Th, Ce, Al, Cu는 10% 이내로 나타났다. 유해금속인 As, Mn, Se, V, Zn의 농도는 각각 $3.26{\pm}2.72$, $9.86{\pm}4.71$, $2.18{\pm}1.25$, $4.91{\pm}2.41$, $158{\pm}78ng/m^3$로 나타났고 인자분석 결과 연구대상지역의 미세분진에 대한 오염원은 6개로 추정되었다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2006

On the refutation demanded for a control of various toxic substances. PCBs(poly chlorinated biphenyl) has a fatal poisonous matter in the ecosystem and the environmental pollution as it Is a kind of stable chemical substance. Especially, the gross Product of PCBs is estimated at about one million tonnage all over the world. However it is kept on storing in untreated state, then has a deterioration by the Prolonged storage and a risk of overflowing. Therefore, this research examined the fundamental characteristics of combustion and emission for the target of using the IPA (iso-propyl alcohol) solution as a part of PCBs control. IPA was filled to three kinds of Vessel, i.e. Vessel I, II, and III, and then was investigated as follows combustion shape, flame temperature. mass burning velocity, and PM(Particulate matter). A radial thermometer and a C-A thermocouple measured the flame temperature, and the optical extinction method by using He-Ne laser and the filter weight method used in the PM measurement. As a result, with an increasing of L/S ratio, the flame length become shorter and the burning velocity is more rapid, but the particulate matters is higher. It is supposed that the air flow rate is high on Vessel. and then the combustion is Promoted in the surface area of the upstream zone. The future works plan to investigate the characteristics with an using of the mixing of IPA and PCBs

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.792-798
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• 2013

In this study, we have carried out measurement for exhaust emissions such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide from main engines installed on the training ships, HANBADA and HANNARA, of Korea Maritime University. In particular, we considered the two conditions; at arrivals/departures and at constant speed of about 160 rpm. The result showed that the concentration of PM at the ship arrival was 2.41mg/m3. On the other hand, when the ship is on the navigation condition, the concentration of PM was 1.34 mg/m3. The concentrations of nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide were measured in the range of 1,120~1,600 ppm and 320~1,450 ppm at the arrival and departure at the port. Under constant speed condition, the concentrations of nitrogen oxide and carbon oxide were 913~1,470 ppm and 73~460 ppm, respectively. Generally, the concentrations of exhaust emissions under the arrivals and departures were higher than that of constant speed condition. These results imply that the ship operation skill to prevent a sudden load change of main engine is needed during the arrival or departure. In addition, it means that the difference of exhaust emissions according to navigation conditions has to be considered when the reduction technologies of air pollutants from ships are developed.