• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2012

Two different feed(bran and swine feed) effect was tested on development of Tenebrio molitor at $25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $65{\pm}10%RH$. There was no significant feed effect on larval developmental periods(80.0 ~ 83.7 days), pupal length (18.1 ~ 18.7 mm) and fecundity(44.3 ~ 55.3 eggs) during first two days. However, fecundity was significantly affected by the pupal weight(P < 0.05), such that the number of eggs 172.3, 191.2, 215.0 gradually increased as pupal weight rose from 0.12 g, 0.15 g to 0.18 g, respectively. During the first two weeks of oviposition was 51.8%, which gradually decreased for further days. Longevity was $27.1{\pm}6.9$, $30.1{\pm}7.8$, $27.4{\pm}8.5$ days with increasing pupal weight of 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 g, respectively. Larval densities of 100, 300, 500 and 700 individuals reared in the container ($16{\times}21.5{\times}7cm$) resulted 67.9% of the T. molitor pupation during first three weeks. Pupal weight was decreased $146.9{\pm}6.5$, $142.1{\pm}8.3$, $122.0{\pm}9.6$, $118.5{\pm}5.2mg$ when it was reared at different larval densities of 100, 300, 500 and 700 individuals, respectively in size of($16{\times}21.5{\times}7cm$) rearing container.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.486-494
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• 2012

Nano-emulsion with phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsifying system was prepared to use rapeseed oil from originating Jeju in order to apply various cosmetic applications. Natural rape seed oil (NRSO) extraction was extracted using n-hexane as a solvent. NRSO extract showed a light yellowish color of viscous liquid as well as yield was $43{\pm}2.5%$. Acid value was $2.76{\pm}0.5$ and gravity was $0.89{\pm}0.05$. Droplet size of PIT-Yuche-NE with 20wt% of rapeseed oil was 50-120nm (average: $82{\pm}5.8nm$) and zeta potential was -29.5mV. It was thermodynamically good stable emulsion due to $(PEG)_{5-30}$fattyacidether. Some conclusions from the result of characteristic experiment were obtained as follows. First, the anti-oxidative activity was measured by free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical). Anti-oxidative activity of PIT-Yuche-NE was $37.2{\pm}6.7%$ on 10mg/mL compared with PIT-Toco-NE (Natural tocopherol nano-emulsion, $28.8{\pm}6.5%$ on 10 mg/mL) and PIT-Nokcha-NE (Green tea extract nano-emulsion, $29.6{\pm}7.2%$ on 10mg/mL). Second, the collagen synthesis activity of PIT-Yuche-NE was $148{\pm}15.2%$ compared with PIT-Toco-NE (Natural tocopherol nano-emulsion, $121{\pm}13.5%$ on 10mg/mL) and PIT-Nokcha-NE (Green tea extract nano-emulsion, $95{\pm}12.7%$ on 10mg/mL). Third, the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of Yuche-CRM with Aramo-TS after 6 hours increase $47{\pm}3.9%$ (*p-value￡0.05, n=7) whereas Both Toco-CRM was $30{\pm}5.2%$ (*p-value￡0.05, n=7) and Nokcha-CRM was $35{\pm}4.5%$. Therefore, Yuche-CRM has higher moisturizing effect than other two creams. Finally, Nano-emulsion stabilizing rapeseed oil using PIT emulsifying system of this study can be used to apply cosmetics industry and pharmaceutical industry.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2006

For standardization of quality of traditional fermented soybean products manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang Region, the physicochemical characteristics of 28 Kochujang, 28 Doenjang, and 18 Chunggukjang were compared. Moisture contents of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Chunggukjang were $46.9{\pm}3.6,\;60.6{\pm}1.9,\;and\;57.0{\pm}3.10%$, respectively. On the basis of average moisture contents, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents were calculated to $6.2{\pm}0.7,\;2.0{\pm}0.5,\;and\;8.2{\pm}1.1%$ in Kochujang, $13.2{\pm}1.0,\;7.1{\pm}0.6,\;and\;15.2{\pm}1.5%$ in Doenjang, and $18.9{\pm}1.2,\;6.1{\pm}1.4,\;and\;5.1{\pm}1.7%$ in Chunggukjang, respectively. Reducing sugar, salinity, and water activities in Kochujang were $19.25{\pm}4.1%,\;7.3{\pm}1.1%,\;and\;0.790{\pm}0.003$, in Doenjang were $2.38{\pm}0.89%,\;14.2{\pm}1.4%,\;and\;0.835{\pm}0.020$, and in Chunggukjang were $0.51{\pm}0.24%,\;4.2{\pm}1.6%,\;and\;0.962{\pm}0.028$, respectively. Amino-type nitrogen contents, which affects delicate flavors of fermented soybean products, of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Chunggukjang were $114.03{\pm}19.04,\;734.32{\pm}147.70,\;and\;600{\pm}150mg%$, respectively. Lightness (l), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values in color of Kochujang were $14.49{\pm}1.44,\;15.45{\pm}1.77,\;and\;8.34{\pm}1.02$, respectively, and the redness was lower than that of other ones. Those of Doenjang were $26.69{\pm}4.33,\;7.25{\pm}1.03,\;and\;12.02{\pm}1.82$, respectively, and those of Chunggukjang were $35.62{\pm}2.05,\;6.31{\pm}0.37,\;and\;13.50{\pm}0.78$, respectively. These results indicate that the salt concentration and quality of traditional fermented soybean products manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang region must be lowered and standardized, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.865-875
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• 2016

In this study, mass concentrations and chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$, including water-soluble ions and elements were determined at the 1,100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan in Jeju Island across four seasons from August 2013 to August 2014. The average mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was $12.5{\pm}8.41{\mu}g/m^3$ with 45.8% of the contribution from eight water-soluble ionic species. Three ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NH{_4}^+$, and $NO{_3}^-$) comprised 96.2% of the total concentration of ions contained in $PM_{2.5}$ and were the dominant ions, accounting for 43.5% of the $PM_{2.5}$ mass at Mt. Hallasan. On the basis of the mass concentration level, seasonal variation, enrichment factor, and relationship among elements, we can presume that Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Ba, Nd, and Dy originated mainly from crust or soil and that V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were significantly enriched in $PM_{2.5}$ owing to the effects of the anthropogenic emissions. These results and the local distribution of emission sources and topographic characteristics near this sampling site suggest that the compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ collected at the 1100 m-highland of Mt. Hallasan were largely influenced by inflow from outside of Jeju Island.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.1 s.52
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• pp.57-69
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• 2006

Lately human exposure to fine particles smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter ($PM_{2.5}$) has become a great concern in Korea due to their possible cause of elevated mortality, lung function decrements, and more frequent hospital admissions for asthma. This study was conducted to investigate seasonal variations of human exposure to residential $PM_{2.5}$ and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ten homes in Chuncheon, Korea were visited for continuous 72 hour sampling of $PM_{2.5}$ in the living rooms using a MiniVol Portable Sampler from December 22, 2002 to November 3, 2003. During the same period, outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected on the top of the Natural Sciences Building of Kangwon National University which is located in the middle of the ten households. Samples were analyzed for $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentrations and six selected PAHs. In two smoking homes, the highest $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were measured ranging from 51.1 to 69.7 {\mu}g/m^3$ on average in all seasons, indicating smoking is a very important contributor to the elevation of indoor particle concentrations. Seasonal comparison showed that indoor particle concentrations were higher than outdoor ones except winter. Total PAH concentrations in smoking homes were highest in winter among the seasons primarily due to low ventilation rate, followed by the outdoor site and nonsmoking homes. BaP toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated for five PAHs. The TEQ for smoking homes in winter was highest followed by the outdoor site in winter. It is concluded that smoking and ventilation rate are two important contributors to the elevation of indoor $PM_{2.5}$ and PAH concentrations.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.586-593
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• 2012

This study was carried out to determine the biological activity of Acanthopanax sessiliflorum fruit extracts. The phenolic compound contents of the extracts were 21.4 and 15.8 mg/g in hot water and 60% ethanol extracts. The total anti-oxidant activities of the water and the 60% ethanol extracts at a 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concent ration were at $92.4{\pm}0.8$ and $89.2{\pm}1.1%$ in terms of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, $98.3{\pm}1.1$ and $96.5{\pm}3.5%$ in terms of the ABTS radical decolorization, $2.0{\pm}0.6$ and $1.2{\pm}2.8$ PF in terms of the anti-oxidant protection factor, and $66.3{\pm}0.8$ and $61.4{\pm}2.3%$ in terms of the TBARs inhibitory activity. The activities that inhibited the angiotensin-converting enzyme and xanthin oxidase were at $85.1{\pm}3.2$ and 0% in the water extracts and $59.3{\pm}1.5$ and $9.5{\pm}0.8%$ in the 60% ethanol extracts at the 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration. The tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities were at $56.6{\pm}1.8$ and $53.1{\pm}1.1%$ in the water extracts and $33.7{\pm}2.2$ and $22.4{\pm}3.1%$ in the 60% ethanol extracts. The astringent effect of the water and the 60% ethanol extracts were at $50.5{\pm}0.9$ and $11.5{\pm}4.1%$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-200
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• 2019

In this study, the characteristics of seasonal $PM_{2.5}$ behavior in South Korea and other Northeast Asian regions were analyzed by using the $PM_{2.5}$ ground measurement data, weather data, WRF and CMAQ models. Analysis of seasonal $PM_{2.5}$ behavior in Northeast Asia showed that $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at 6 IMS sites in South Korea was increased by long-distance transport and atmospheric congestion, or decreased by clean air inflow due to seasonal weather characteristics. As a result of analysis by applying BFM to air quality model, the contribution from foreign countries dominantly influenced the $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations of Baengnyeongdo due to the low self-emission and geographical location. In the case of urban areas with high self-emissions such as Seoul and Ulsan, the $PM_{2.5}$ contribution from overseas was relatively low compared to other regions, but the standard deviation of the season was relatively high. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the air pollutant phenomenon by analyzing the characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ behavior in Northeast Asia according to the seasonal weather condition change. At the same time, this study can be used to establish the air quality policy in the future, knowing that the contribution of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration to the domestic and overseas can be different depending on the regional emission characteristics.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

This work was conducted to study the improvement of reproduction rate from the breeding data collected from four farms from January 2007 to October 2010. The average numbers of service per conception were 1) A farm $1.7{\pm}0.1$ times, 2) B farm $1.5{\pm}0.1$ times, 3) C farm $1.5{\pm}0.1$ times, 4) D farm $1.4{\pm}0.1$ times. The average days from calving to conception was $77.4{\pm}4.8$ days in A farm, $150.8{\pm}11.2$ days in B farm, $90.4{\pm}4.5$ days in C farm, and $71.4{\pm}2.5$ days in D farm. Number of artificial insemination (AI) service per conception was higher at the 30 days before first AI ($2.1{\pm}0.2$ times) than at the 31 days after first AI, and the days from calving to conception were shorter at the 90 days before first AI than at the 91 days after first AI. After timed AI (TAI) treatment, the pregnancy rate was 60.3% for the 58 cows with reproductive disorder. In order to improvement of reproduction rates, the farms has to improve the accuracy of estrus detection, pregnancy diagnosis, check-up for reproductive health, and control of day for first AI periods after calving. The result suggests that farmers need the careful management and reproductive examination of farm animals to improve of reproductive efficiency.

• Atmosphere
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.367-385
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• 2023

The variabilities of precipitation and particulate matters (i.e., PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and the scavenging efficiency of PMs by precipitation were quantified using long-term measurements in Seoul, Korea. The 21 years (2001~2021) measurements of precipitation and PM₁₀ mass concentrations, and the 7 years (2015~2021) of PM_2.5 mass concentrations were used. Statistical analysis was performed for each period (i.e., year, season, and month) to identify the long-term variabilities of PMs and precipitation. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 decreased annually and the decreasing rate of PM₁₀ was greater than PM_2.5. The precipitation intensity did not show notable variation, whereas the annual precipitation amount showed a decreasing trend. The summer precipitation amount contributed 61.10% to the annual precipitation amount. The scavenging efficiency by precipitation was analyzed based on precipitation events separated by 2-hour time intervals between hourly precipitation data for 7 years. The scavenging efficiencies of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were quantified as a function of precipitation characteristics (i.e., precipitation intensity, amount, and duration). The calculated average scavenging efficiency of PM₁₀ (PM_2.5) was 39.59% (35.51%). PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were not always simultaneously scavenged due to precipitation events. Precipitation events that simultaneously scavenged PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 contributed 42.24% of all events, with average scavenging efficiency of 42.93% and 43.39%. The precipitation characteristics (i.e., precipitation intensity, precipitation amount, and precipitation duration) quantified in these events were 2.42 mm hr^-1, 15.44 mm, and 5.51 hours. This result corresponds to 145% (349%; 224%) of precipitation intensity (amount; duration) for the precipitation events that do not simultaneously scavenge PM₁₀ and PM_2.5.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify nesting habits and breeding biology of barn swallow in Gwangju, Korea, for the breeding season 2012 to 2014. All nests were attached to vertical walls and roofs of buildings and situated at mean height $2.9{\pm}0.3m$ above ground with nest diameter $18.2{\pm}3.2cm$, nest depth $9.8{\pm}3.1cm$, nest cup diameter $11.2{\pm}1.5cm$ and nest cup depth $3.27{\pm}0.80cm$. Nests were attached to cemented walls (44.9%), wooden materials (23.1%), bricks (21.8%) and lighting (6.4%). The average clutch size was 4.5 and ranged 2~5. Mean egg length was $18.23{\pm}0.73mm$, breadth $13.11{\pm}0.25mm$, volume $1.60{\pm}0.11cm^3$, shape index $1.39{\pm}0.05$ and weight $1.69{\pm}0.15g$. Hatching and fledgling success rate were 89.1% and 84.5%. Main causes for reproductive failures were unhatched eggs, predation, nest destruction and desertion. These results are expected to be widely used as data for habitat preservation and species management of barn swallows.