• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.1 s.104
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

Product Line Engineering(PLE) is an effective software development technique which produces applications using core assets. Because of reusing the core assets, PLE can save cost for developing products in a domain but increase reusability. There are about ten PLE methodologies available, but there are not yet common agreements on PLE process and artifacts. This makes developers harder to choose a methodology and to apply it in practice. A comprehensive technical evaluation and comparison on existing PLE methodologies would be essential for practitioners. In this paper, we present a technical assessment of representative PLE methodologies; FAST, SEI SPL, PuLSE, Bosch's PL proceis, FOPLE, ESAPS, KobrA/PoLITe, Alexandria, COPA, QADA. They are compared in the criteria of process, artifacts, instructions, and special features. And we identify common or variable elements between methodologies and confirm elements to be improved in each PLE methodology. The assessment result would be well utilized in defining a practical methodology for PLE projects and in choosing an appropriate methodology among available ones.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2005

Product Line Engineering(PLE) is one of the technologies that develop applications economically reusing core assets. PLE consists of Framework Engineering(FE) and Application Engineering. Framework Engineering is to develop core assets that have common functionality shared by a set of family members. Application Engineering is to develop a specific application by instantiating the core assets. The PLE process increases reusability and efficiency because a specific application is developed by using core assets with less time and effort. Since definition of PLE artifacts and relationship between artifacts are not clear. developers have several troubles to make artifacts based on PLE process, are difficult to maintain consistency between artifacts, and do not use PLE process more practically. In this paper, we define meta-models of artifacts that are produced in PLE activities of PLE process and describe the traceability relationship between artifacts by using traceability map and guidelines that can apply traceability relationship. Finally, we define the way how trace links and guidelines of traceability map are applied.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.717-729
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• 2005

Product Line Engineering (PLE) consists of two phases; Core Assets Development and Application Engineering. The core asset development is to model common features of members in a domain and to develop them. The application engineering is to effectively generate an application by instantiating the core asset. Today, PLE research mainly focuses on developing core assets, whereas activities and instructions for application engineering are weakly defined. Moreover, instructions of application engineering are not enough to be practically applied. To widely apply PLE to industry, researches on systematic and practical methods such as instantiation processes, instructions, and artifacts are needed. In this paper, we propose a practical PLE process, instructions, and artifacts about each activity. And then, we also present a case study to show applicability and practicality of the process proposed in this paper.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.4 s.107
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• pp.565-572
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• 2006

Product Line Engineering (PLE) is an effective reuse methodology where common features among members are captured into core assets and applications are developed by reusing the core assets, reducing development cost while increasing productivity. To maximize benefits in developing systems, business case analysis for PLE is essential. If the scope for core assets is excessively broad, it will result in high cost of asset development while lowering reusability. On the other hand, if the scope is too narrow, it will result in a limited applicability which only support a small number of members in the domain. In this paper, we propose a process for business case analysis for PLE and for deciding economical analysis of core asset scope. Then, we define guidelines for each activity of the process. Since variability often occurs in PLE, we significantly treat the variability of features among members in detailed level. By applying our framework for business case analysis, one can develop core assets of which scope provide the most economical value with applying PLE.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2024

Naegleria fowleri invades the brain and causes a fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Despite its high mortality rate of approximately 97%, an effective therapeutic drug for PAM has not been developed. Approaches with miltefosine, amphotericin B, and other antimicrobials have been clinically attempted to treat PAM, but their therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. The development of an effective and safe therapeutic drug for PAM is urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the anti-amoebic activity of Pinus densiflora leaf extract (PLE) against N. fowleri. PLE induced significant morphological changes in N. fowleri trophozoites, resulting in the death of the amoeba. The IC₅₀ of PLE on N. fowleri was 62.3±0.95 ㎍/ml. Alternatively, PLE did not significantly affect the viability of the rat glial cell line C6. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PLE-treated and non-treated amoebae. A total of 5,846 DEGs were identified, of which 2,189 were upregulated, and 3,657 were downregulated in the PLE-treated amoebae. The DEGs were categorized into biological process (1,742 genes), cellular component (1,237 genes), and molecular function (846 genes) based on the gene ontology analysis, indicating that PLE may have dramatically altered the biological and cellular functions of the amoeba and contributed to their death. These results suggest that PLE has anti-N. fowleri activity and may be considered as a potential candidate for the development of therapeutic drugs for PAM. It may also be used as a supplement compound to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs currently used to treat PAM.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.941-950
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• 2012

In order to develop new physiologically active polysaccharides from persimmon leaves, two different crude polysaccharides were prepared using hot water (PLW-0) and pectinase digestion (PLE-0) and their immuno-stimulating activities were estimated. PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed similar sugar compositions with 15 different sugars, including rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose, aceric acid, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid, but the uronic acid content of PLE-0 was lower than that of PLW-0 caused by pectinase treatment. Both PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose-dependent manner which was similar to a known immuno-stimulating polysaccharide, PSK, from Coriolus versicolor. The activity of PLE-0 at a low concentration ($100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) was higher than that of PLW-0. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, PLW-0 and PLE-0 (up to $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) did not affect the growth of peritoneal macrophages and Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells. In contrast, they enhanced lymphocyte proliferation activity. Peritoneal macrophages stimulated with PLW-0 and PLE-0 produced various cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12. However, PLE-0 was more effective on the cytokine production. Intravenous administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly augmented natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 3 days after the treatment of polysaccharide fractions. But NK cells obtained from the PLE-treated group showed higher tumoricidal activity even at a low dose of $40{\mu}g$/mouse. In experimental lung metastasis of Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, prophylactic administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly inhibited lung metastasis in a dose-dependent manner and PLE-0 was more effective on the inhibition of cancer metasasis. The results lead us to conclude that the pectinase-treated process is indispensable to preparing polysaccharides with higher immune-stimulating activity from persimmon leaves.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.154-166
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• 2006

Product Line Engineering(PLE) is a software reuse paradigm that core assets are defined using common features in a domain and are instantiated in various applications. To apply the core asset effectively, variants which satisfy application requirements are extracted and the core asset should be also instantiated based on the variants. For the work, variability on architecture and components should be extracted exactly and an instantiation process and guidelines should be defined based on this variability In this paper, we define variability types depending on core assets elements and describe artifact templates related to tile variability. We also propose a systematic process which uses defined core assets including variability and verify practicability of the proposed process and variability expression through doing ease study. If utilizing with the proposed process in PLE, it can be feasible to model concrete core asset and variability and to utilize practical application engineering.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.896-914
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• 2006

Product line engineering (PLE) is one of the most recent and emerging reuse approaches in software engineering. Core asset, which is a reusable unit of PLE, is shared by several members in a product line (PL). So, developing a well-defined core asset is a prerequisite to increase productivity and time-to-market. Existing PLE methodologies emphasize the importance of core asset but mainly focus on analyzing core asset. And, several processes for designing core asset do not fully cover all elements of core asset which is from product line architecture (PLA) to decision model and need to augment systematic process, detailed instructions, and templates of artifacts. These problems result in difficulty with designing core asset and applying PLE. In this paper, we present an overall process and templates of artifacts to design core assets. And, we apply proposed process to a case study in order to show its applicability. With the proposed process, detailed instructions, and templates of artifacts, we believe that we can more systematically and more easily design high-quality core assets and we fully cover product line architecture, component, and decision model when designing a core asset.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1008-1021
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• 2006

Product line engineering(PLE) is one of the recent and effective reuse approaches that enables developing a number of applications by instantiating a core asset. Elements of a core asset are product line architecture(PLA), component, and decision model. Among these elements, PLA is the key element since it defines the overall structure of the core asset. Although numerous PLE methodologies have been introduced, it is still unclear what should be the elements of a PLA and how to systematically instantiate it for specific applications. Formal specifications can play a key role in defining detailed and precise instantiation process. In this paper, we first present a meta model of PLA and show how to specify PLA in a formal language, Object-Z. Then, we propose instantiation rules using formal specification and those rules precisely define constraints for instantiating PLA. By applying the proposed formal specification, we believe PLA instantiation can be carried out precisely and correctly, yielding high quality software development.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.163-172
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• 2005

Product Line Engineering (PLE) has been widely accepted as a representative software reuse methodology by using core assets. Product line architecture (PLA) is a key element of core assets. However, current research works on designing PLA do not provide sufficient and detailed guidelines of defining PLA and reflecting variability in the architecture. In this paper, we present a reference model of PLA and propose a process to design PLA with detailed instructions. Especially architectural variability is codified by describing decision model depending variation points and traced through PLA activities. The proposed process would make it feasible to apply PLE to practice areas.