• 천문학논총
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.625-628
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• 2015

POLARBEAR is a ground-based experiment located in the Atacama desert of northern Chile. The experiment is designed to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background B-mode polarization at several arcminute resolution. The CMB B-mode polarization on degree angular scales is a unique signature of primordial gravitational waves from cosmic inflation and B-mode signal on sub-degree scales is induced by the gravitational lensing from large-scale structure. Science observations began in early 2012 with an array of 1.274 polarization sensitive antenna-couple Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers at 150 GHz. We published the first CMB-only measurement of the B-mode polarization on sub-degree scales induced by gravitational lensing in December 2013 followed by the first measurement of the B-mode power spectrum on those scales in March 2014. In this proceedings, we review the physics of CMB B-modes and then describe the Polarbear experiment, observations, and recent results.

• 천문학논총
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2021

Jagyeokru, an automatic striking water clock described in the Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong) is essentially composed of a water quantity control device and a time-signal device, with the former controlling the amount or the flow rate of water and the latter automatically informing the time based on the former. What connects these two parts is a signal generating device or a power transmission device called the 'Jujeon' system, which includes a copper rod on the float and ball-racked scheduled plates. The copper products excavated under Gongpyeong-dong in Seoul include a lot of broken plate pieces and cylinder-like devices. If some plate pieces are put together, a large square plate with circular holes located in a zigzag can be completed, and at the upper right of it is carved 'the first scheduled plate (一箭).' Cylinder-like devices generally 3.8 cm in diameter are able to release a ball, and have a ginkgo leaf-like screen fixed on the inner axis and a bird-shaped hook of which the leg fixes another axis and the beak attaches to the leaf side. The lateral view of this cylinder-like device appears like a trapezoid and mounts an iron ball. The function of releasing a ball agrees with the description of Borugak Pavilion, where Jagyeokru was installed, written by Kim Don (1385 ~ 1440). The other accounts of Borugak Pavilion's and Heumgyeonggak Pavilion's water clocks describe these copper plates and ball releasing devices as the 'Jujeon' system. According to the description of Borugak Pavilion, a square wooden column has copper plates on the left and right sides the same height as the column, and the left copper plate has 12 drilled holes to keep the time of a 12 double-hours. Meanwhile, the right plate has 25 holes which represent seasonal night 5-hours (Kyeong) and their 5-subhours (Jeom), not 12 hours. There are 11 scheduled plates for seasonal night 5-hours made with copper, which are made to be attached or detached as the season. In accordance with Nujutongui (manual for the operation of the yardstick for the clepsydra), the first scheduled plate for the night is used from the winter solstice (冬至) to 2 days after Daehan (大寒), and from 4 days before Soseol (小雪) to a day before the winter solstice. Besides the first scheduled plate, we confirm discovering a third scheduled plate and a sixth scheduled plate among the excavated copper materials based on the spacing between holes. On the other hand, the width of the scheduled plate is different for these artifacts, measured as 144 mm compared to the description of the Borugak Pavilion, which is recorded as 51 mm. From this perspective, they may be the scheduled plates for the Heumgyeonggak Ongru made in 1438 (or 1554) or for the new Fortress Pavilion installed in Changdeokgung palace completed in 1536 (the 31^st year of the reign of King Jungjong) in the early Joseon dynasty. This study presents the concept of the scheduled plates described in the literature, including their new operating mechanism. In addition, a detailed model of 11 scheduled plates is designed from the records and on the excavated relics. It is expected that this study will aid in efforts to restore and reconstruct the automatic water clocks of the early Joseon dynasty.

• 천문학논총
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2021

와이즈/네오와이즈 자료를 사용하여 1형 활동은하핵의 근적외선 장기 변광 특성을 살펴보았다. 활동은하핵은 밀리퀘이사 목록을 사용해 가시광에서의 등급 제한을 두어 선정하였고, 여러 번의 다중시점 측광 자료를 확보하기 위해 황도북극과 황도남극에 가까운 대상으로 한정하였다. 이후 와이즈와 네오와이즈 데이터베이스에서 해당 대상들의 측광 자료를 추출하였다. 일부 근적외선에서 검출되지 않은 경우와 관측 횟수가 지나치게 적은 경우를 제외하고 총 73개의 1형 퀘이사 및 활동은 하핵, 140개의 측광학적으로 선택된 활동은하핵 후보에 대해 W1 (3.4 ㎛), W2 (4.6 ㎛) 밴드 광도곡선을 구성하고 이를 이용해 변광 분석을 수행하였다. 변광 여부를 판단하기 위해 초과 분산 값과 변광의 유의확률 P_var를 계산하였다. 초과 분산이 포아송 오차에 의해 추정되는 오차값보다 큰 경우, 그리고 P_var이 0.95보다 크거나 같은 경우를 변광으로 판단했는데, 활동은하핵 73개 중 19개, 활동은하핵 후보 140개 중 12개가 W1, W2 밴드 모두에서 변광 대상으로 판단되었다. W1 밴드보다 W2 밴드에서 변광 대상으로 판단되는 숫자가 작게 나타났는데, 이는 긴 파장으로 갈수록 변광의 정도가 작아짐을 시사하는 것으로 보인다. 약 9 ~ 26%의 대상들이 근적외선 변광을 보였다. 감쇠 랜덤워크 모형을 사용하여 변광 폭(σ)과 완화 시간(τ), W1과 W2 밴드 사이의 시간 지연 등을 추정하였다. 변광 폭 및 완화시간은 W1 등급과 큰 상관관계를 보이지 않았으며, 두 변수 사이에도 특별히 두드러지는 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 단, 감쇠 랜덤워크 모형을 사용해서 시간 규모를 추정할 때 광도곡선의 분량이 충분한지를 감안하면, 완화시간이 짧은 대상들에 대해서는 변광 폭과 완화시간이 음의 상관관계를 보인다고도 볼 수 있다. 대상의 개수가 통계적으로 유의미한 결과를 제시하기에는 부족하다. X선 광도와 변광 특성을 비교했을 때에는 상관관계를 찾아보기 어려웠으나, 앞으로 얻어질 X선 탐사자료와 전천 스펙트럼 탐사자료와 결합한 추가 연구가 기대된다. 전체 대상 중에서는 시간에 따라 (W1-W2) 색이 변하는 것으로 판단되는 흥미로운 대상이 4개가 존재했는데, 이들의 특성에 대해서는 추후 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 전망한다.