Cyclosporin A is a cyclic polypeptide produced by the metabolism of fungi. It is widely used at present as immunosuppressive treatment following organ transplants. It is also used to deal with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or type II diabetes. Gingival hyperplasia is one of the most frequent side-effects associated with the prescription of Cyclosporin A. The mechanisms involved in Cyclosporin A induced gingival hyperplasia are not yet clear. In vitro Cyclosporin A promotes proliferation of gingival fibroblasts, that Cyclosporin A act as a mitogen. Its action is based on mitosis of gingival fibroblasts regulated by cell cycle regulatory proteins. It was the purpose of the present study to examine the effects of Cyclosporin A on human gingival fibroblasts by means of biological and biochemical criteria. In this present study, we examined change of cell proliferation, cell activity, cell viability and cell cycle progression after application of Cyclosporin A. We also examined expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins by western blot analysis. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured for 48 hours with application of Cyclosporin A at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/ml. Cyclosporin A(1 ng/ml) significantly increased the cell activity of gingival fibroblast. Proliferation and viability of gingival fibroblasts were also increased in group treated with 1 ng/ml of Cyclosporin A compared to control group. In the cell cycle analysis, S phase was increased and G1 phase was decreased in the group treated with 1 ng/ml of Cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A increased the expression of cdk4 and inhibited the expression of pRB and p21. These results suggest that 1 ng/ml of Cyclosporin A may increase the cell cycle progression of human gingival fibroblasts, and its mechanisms may increase the expression of cdk4 and decrease the expression of pRB and p21.
The gas phase identity nucleophilic substitution reactions of halide anions (X = F, Cl, Br) with cyclopentadienyl halides (1) are investigated at the B3LYP/6-311+G**, MP2/6-311+G** and G2(+)MP2 levels involving five reaction pathways: σ-attack $S_N2$, β-$S_N$2'-syn, β-$S_N$2'-anti, γ-$S_N$2'-syn and γ-$S_N$2'-anti paths. In addition, the halide exchange reactions at the saturated analogue, cyclopentyl halides (2), and the monohapto circumambulatory halide rearrangements in 1 are also studied at the same three levels of theory. In the σ-attack $S_N2$ transition state for 1 weak positive charge develops in the ring with X = F while negative charge develops with X = Cl and Br leading to a higher energy barrier with X = F but to lower energy barriers with X = Cl and Br than for the corresponding reactions of 2. The π-attack β-$S_N$2' transition states are stabilized by the strong $n_C-{\pi}^{*}_{C=C}$ charge transfer interactions, whereas the π-attack γ-$S_N$2' transition states are stabilized by the strong $n_C-{\sigma}^{*}_{C-X}$ interactions. For all types of reaction paths, the energy barriers are lower with X = F than Cl and Br due to the greater bond energy gain in the partial C-X bond formation with X = F. The β-$S_N$2' paths are favored over the γ-$S_N$2' paths only with X = F and the reverse holds with X = Cl and Br. The σ-attack $S_N2$ reaction provides the lowest energy barrier with X = Cl and Br, but that with X = F is the highest energy barrier path. Activation energies for the circumambulatory rearrangement processes are much higher (by more than 18 kcal $mol^{-1}$) than those for the corresponding $S_N2$ reaction path. Overall the gas-phase halide exchanges are predicted to proceed by the σ-attack $S_N2$ path with X = Cl and Br but by the β-$S_N$2'-anti path with X = F. The barriers to the gas-phase halide exchanges increase in the order X = F < Br < Cl, which is the same as that found for the gas-phase identity methyl transfer reactions.
Resveratrol, a kind of phytochemical, is presented in grape skins. Resveratorl exerts antiproliferative, anti-cancer and pro-apoptotic activities in cancer cells. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical regulator of cellular growth and proliferation, and it is known to be a strategic target for anti-cancer therapeutic uses. mTOR is a major downstream of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which is activated in various cancer cells. It also plays an important role in the survival, proliferation and angiogenesis of cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important protein that mediates inflammatory processes. It plays an important role in various tumors by affecting cell proliferation, mitosis, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In this study, we have investigated the effects of resveratrol on apoptosis through mTOR and COX-2 expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The treatment of resveratrol with different concentrations inhibited proliferation of MCF-7. The data showed that resveratrol induced apoptotic cell death of cancer cells and decreased mTOR and COX-2 expression. These results suggest that resveratrol induces apoptosis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by inhibiting mTOR and COX-2 expression.
Mitophagy, a cellular process that selectively targets dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation, is currently a hot topic in research into the pathogenesis and treatment of many human diseases. Considering that hypoxia causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which results in cell death, we speculated that selective activation of mitophagy might promote cell survival under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, we introduced the Regulator of calcineurin 1-1L (Rcan1-1L) to initiate the mitophagy pathway and aimed to evaluate the effect of Rcan1-1L-induced mitophagy on cell survival under hypoxic conditions. Recombinant adenovirus vectors carrying Rcan1-1L were transfected into human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human adult cardiac myocytes. Using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay and Trypan blue exclusion assay, Rcan1-1L overexpression was found to markedly reverse cell growth inhibition induced by hypoxia. Additionally, Rcan1-1L overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis under hypoxic conditions, as detected by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis assay. Meanwhile, the mitochondria-mediated cell apoptotic pathway was inhibited by Rcan1-1L. In contrast, knockdown of Rcan1-1L accelerated hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, Rcan1-1L overexpression significantly reduced mitochondrial mass, decreased depolarized mitochondria, and downregulated ATP and reactive oxygen species production. We further delineated that the loss of mitochondrial mass was due to the activation of mitophagy induced by Rcan1-1L. Rcan1-1L overexpression activated autophagy flux and promoted translocation of the specific mitophagy receptor Parkin into mitochondria from the cytosol, whereas inhibition of autophagy flux resulted in the accumulation of Parkin-loaded mitochondria. Finally, we demonstrated that mitochondrial 1permeability transition pore opening was significantly increased by Rcan1-1L overexpression, which suggested that Rcan1-1L might evoke mitophagy through regulating mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Taken together, we provide evidence that Rcan1-1L overexpression induces mitophagy, which in turn contributes to cell survival under hypoxic conditions, revealing for the first time that Rcan1-1L-induced mitophagy may be used for cardioprotection.
Seedling characteristics of rice sowed at different sowing date in an automatic facility were studied at different days after sowing (DAS). The objective was to determine the optimum sowing date and age of rice seedlings at three locations in the Kyongbuk Province of Korea viz, Andong, Euisung and Kyongsan. Heigbt and shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased from 10 to 20 DAS and with a delay in sowing time from April to June. In these intervals shoot dry weight-height ratio decreased. For rice seeded in the last ten days of April, optimum seedling characteristics were attained between 15 to 20 DAS at Andong and Euisong and 15 DAS at Kyongsan. At the three locations, 10-day-seedlings exhibited superior characteristics to 15- and 20-day-seedlings for rice seeded in May and June. Rice seedlings of different ages were transplanted at a paddy field to determine the effect of seedling age on yield potential. The mean yield of 10-day-seedlings was 5% higher than that of 35-day-seedlings raised by the conventional method. The yield of 20-day-seedlings was 9% lower than that of 35-day-seedlings. Varietal differences in seedling characteristics of 13 rice cultivars were evaluated for the seedlings seeded in the automatic facility on June. Ten-day old seedlings ranged in height from 13.3 to 17.5 cm and shoot dry weight from 7.7 to 9.4 mg. Two cultivars, Daesanbyeo and Hwayeongbyeo, exhibited superior seedling traits compared to the remaining 11 cultivars and were, therefore, better adapted to the automatic seedling-raising facility.
KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
/
v.36
no.1
/
pp.143-149
/
2016
This study evaluated the shear behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast material using a large scale direct shear test and discrete element method (DEM) based on PFC 3D program. The direct shear test was conducted on ballast materials that have different particle size distributions. Whereas the test results revealed that the shear strength generally increased with the larger particle size of ballast material without geogrid reinforcement, the shear behavior of ballast material was found to change pertaining to the relationship between particle size distribution and geogrid rib size. Generally, it is deemed the effectiveness of reinforcement can be achieved when the rib size is two times greater than average particle size. A numerical analysis based on DEM was conducted to verify the test results. The geogrid modeling was successfully completed by calibration process along with sensitivity analysis to have actual tensile strength provided by manufacturer. With a given geogrid model, the parametric evaluation was further carried out to examine the interactive behavior between geogrid and ballast material. Consequently, it was found that the effectiveness zone of geogrid reinforcement generated within a specific depth.
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
/
v.22
no.12
/
pp.2125-2134
/
2000
This research was to develope the economical treatment processes of the landfill leachate to meet the legal discharge standards. To achieve this purpose, experiments were conducted in laboratory to choose the optimum process and to obtain the design factors before a pi!ot-scale test. The concept of the process developing in this research was using the reverse osmosis system. The submerged membrane bio-reactor was used to achieve pre-treatment of reverse osmosis system and the concentrate was treated by evaporator with land fill gas as a fuel. The results of the research showed that SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{cr}$, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and T-N were removed 99.0%, 43.0%, 12.9%, 48.5% and 18.7% respectively in the submerged membrane bio-reactor. The reverse osmosis system could remove $BOD_5$, $COD_{cr}$, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and T-N as an efficiency of97.5%, 97.6%, 79.7% and 85.4% respectively. The evaporator could remove $COD_{cr}$, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and T-N as an efficiency of 90.5%, 50.6% and 63.3% respectively. However the condensed water of the evaporator was not satisfied the legal standard and should be treated in reverse osmosis with the pre-treated leachate.
Objectives : Oxidative stress due to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the risk factors for the development of several chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Methods : In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of cheongnoemyeongsin-hwan (CNMSH) against oxidative stress‑induced cellular damage and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in neuronal-derived SH-SY5Y cells. Results : Our results revealed that treatment with CNMSH prior to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure significantly increased the SH-SY5Y cell viability, indicating that the exposure of the SH-SY5Y cells to CNMSH conferred a protective effect against oxidative stress. CNMSH also effectively attenuated H2O2‑induced comet tail formation, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of the histone ${\gamma}H2AX$, as well as the number of apoptotic bodies and Annexin V‑positive cells. In addition, CNMSH exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular ROS generation and restored the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) loss that were induced by H2O2, suggesting that CNMSH prevents H2O2‑induced DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Moreover, H2O2 enhanced the cleavage of caspase-3 and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase, a typical substrate protein of activated caspase-3, as well as DNA fragmentation; however, these events were almost totally reversed by pretreatment with CNMSH. Furthermore, CNMSH increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a potent antioxidant enzyme, associated with the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). According to our data, CNMSH is able to protect SH-SY5Y cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis throughout blocking cellular damage related to oxidative stress through a mechanism that would affect ROS elimination and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Conclusions : Therefore, we believed that CNMSH may potentially serve as an agent for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress.
A series of N-phenyl-O-phenylthionocarbamate derivatives were synthesized and determinated fungicidal activities in vitro against gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and capsicum phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) which showed resistance and sensitivity to benomyl and metalaxyl as systemic fungicides, respectively. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) was investigated by Free-Wilson analysis method and Hansch method. From the basis on the findings, the N-phenyl(X) groups had more contributions than O-phenyl(Y) groups did and ortho-substituents on the N-phenyl group showed high fungicidal activities. Especially, 4-cyano substituent, 2 as X-group showed 50% inhibition($pI_{50}=5.50$) of hyphae growth at 0.8ppm against resistance P. capsici (RPC) And hydroxyl substituents, 12 and 23 displayed the highest fungicidal activity against resistant B. cinerea (RBC), sensitive B. cinerea (SBC), and sensitive P. capsici (SPC). Antifungal activities of SPC were dependent upon molar refractivity (MR) constant and those of others relied on hydrophobic parameters (${\sigma}$ and logP). For increasing fungicidal activity against RPC and SBC, the optimum values of the sigma (${\sigma}$) and field(F) constants as electron withdrawing groups were 0.32 and 0.18, respectively.
The purpose of this study was undertaken to compare ability of frozen-thawed sperm characteristics between two strains (miniature pig and Duroc). The semen was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) thermos bottle. The semen was diluted with same volume extender and added to LEY solution for freezing. The diluted semen was placed in 0.5 ml straws, and freezing was initiated by exposing the straws to liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) vapours for 10 min before placing them into $LN_2$ for cryopreservation. The frozen-semen straw were thawed at 20, 37 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 min, 45 sec and 10 sec within water-bath. The semen sample were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for analysis of sperm ability. Abnormality of spermatozoa in miniature pig was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in Duroc at 0, 9 and 12 h of post-thawing incubation after frozen-thawing. The percentage of F-patterned spermatozoa in miniature pig was significantly (p<0.05) lower, while the percentage of AR (acrosome reacted spermatozoa) pattern was higher in the miniature than in the Duroc. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the viability of spermatozoa thawed at different temperature ($20^{\circ}C\;and\;37^{\circ}C$) between two species, but the viability in miniature pig was higher (p<0.05) than in Duroc when sperm was thawed at $50^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, this study suggest that suitable freezing method for miniature pig semen is required for increasing post-thawing viability and fertilization capacity.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.