• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.69-72
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• 2002

Two trials were conducted in a commercial dairy on heifer synchronization with PGF$_2$$\alpha$. Animals showing estrous following the first injection were bred and animals not showing estrus were given the second injection 10 days later. In the first trial, the injection routes were rump and rump. In the second trial, the injection routes were rump and shoulder. Estrous detection were performed from 24 h after injection. Animals were bred by the same technician. In the first trial, the response rate for the first injection was 51.4% and the subsequent pregnancy rate of these animals was 60.0%. The response rate in the second injection was 57.1% and the pregnancy rate was 50.0%. In the second trial, the response rate in the first injection on the rump was 48.7% and the subsequent pregnancy rate was 70.6%. The second injection was given on the shoulder and the response rate was 60.0% and the subsequent pregnancy rate was 25.0%. The data suggest that the route of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ administration was critical to achieve success in estrous synchronization and pregnancy rates.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2005

Artificial insemination (AI) technology has widely applied in domestic animals including cattle for production and preservation of valuable animals. However, AI in goat was poorly studied. We here compared two different estrus synchronization methods, CIDR (controlled intravaginal drug release)+$PGF_2a$ and CIDR+PMSG, in Korean native goats. After treatment of CIDR+$PGF_2a$ or CIDR+PMSG for estrus synchronization, AI was applied to 38 recipients. Of 18 recipients treated with CIDR+$PGF_2a$, 4 recipients produced offsprings. However, no pregnancy was obtained in 20 recipients treated with CIDR+PMSG. Especially, after treatment of CIDR+$PGF_2a$, AI with fresh or frozen sperm showed markedly higher parturition rates than that of CIDR+PMSG. From these results, we suggest that combination of CIDR and $PGF_2a$ could be used as good method for estrus synchronization in Korean native goats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.435-441
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• 1998

We examined effects of interleukin $1{\alpha}$ ($IL1{\alpha}$) and phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (PDB), an activator of protein kinase C, on mRNA for Prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and prostanoid production in cultured ovine meningeal fibroblasts. Immuno- and morphologically-identified fibroblasts were derived from cerebral cortex and white matter from fetal lambs (approximately 120 days gestation) and grown to confluence on glass coverslips in 12 well plates. Levels of prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ and the stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin (i.e., $6-keto-PGF_{1{\alpha}}$) were determined using enzyme immunoassay. Relative amounts of mRNA were determined by in situ hybridization using ovine cDNA for PGHS1. $IL1{\alpha}$ (10 ng/ml) increased mRNA levels over baseline by $62{\pm}19%$ (p＜0.05) at 60 min., $37{\pm}12%$ (NS) at 120 min., and $36{\pm}18%$ (NS) at 240 min (n=12). Levels of $6-keto-PGF_{1{\alpha}}$ were $148{\pm}18%$ pg/ml during baseline, $246{\pm}41%$ pg/ml at 60 min., $248{\pm}40%$ pg/ml at 120 min., and $259{\pm}62%$ pg/ml at 240 min (all p＜0.05) (n=12). $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was increased although it wasn't statistically significant. However, $IL1{\alpha}$ decreased $PGE_2$ level significantly (all p＜0.05). PDB $(10^{-6}M)$ increased mRNA levels over baseline by $25{\pm}6%$ after 30 min., $40{\pm}6%$ after 60 min., and $20{\pm}8%$ after 90 min. (n=9) (all p＜0.05). Levels of $6-keto-PGF_{1{\alpha}}$ were $200{\pm}43%$ pg/ml during baseline, $202{\pm}43%$ pg/ml after 30 min. (NS), $268{\pm}58%$ pg/ml after 60 min. (p＜0.05), and $296{\pm}60%$ pg/ml after 90 min. (p＜0.05) (n=9). Levels of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ were $178{\pm}26%$ pg/ml during baseline, $300{\pm}30%$ pg/ml after 30 min., $299{\pm}35%$ pg/ml after 60 min., and $355{\pm}32%$ pg/ml after 90 min (all p＜0.05) (n=6). Actinomycin-D (1 mg/ml) prevented increases in mRNA, $6-keto-PGF_{1{\alpha}}$, and $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ at 60 min. for both $IL1{\alpha}$ and PDB. We conclude that cerebral fibroblasts are avid producers of prostanoids, and that enhanced production of PGHS is responsible for augmented $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and prostacyclin production in the presence of an activator of protein kinase C and for decreased $PGE_2$ and increased prostacyclin production in the presence of $IL1{\alpha}$.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.224-230
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• 2019

The purpose of the study is to investigate the change in the blood progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) levels when applying different estrus induction protocols to Korean black goats, and this was done to gain understanding about their reproduction physiology. For the experiment, we performed three estrus induction protocols that are commonly used in bovine: controlled internal drug release (CIDR) + prostaglandin $F2{\alpha}$ ($PGF2{\alpha}$), $PGF2{\alpha}$ + gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) + $PGF2{\alpha}$, and CIDR + $PGF2{\alpha}$ + PMSG. The P4 and E2 concentrations showed different patterns until the last treatment of the three protocols. However, similar concentration patterns were shown after the last treatment in all the protocols. In conclusion, we monitored the blood P4 and E2 levels in Korean black goats following three different estrus induction protocols. Our findings may be used in other breeding programs of Korean black goats, such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of four different estrus induction methods in anestrus cows on the estrus induction and pregnancy following artificial insemination (AI). Sixty-five cows (3∼4 years old) were selected and divided into four different estrus induction treatment groups. Group 1, 12 cows were treated by Ovsynch program combined with GnRH and PGF$_2$a. Group 2, 12 cows were treated by "Tow plus Two" program with GnRH and PGF$_2$a. Group 3, 20 cows were treated by "Tow plus Two" program following intravaginal progesterone implantation (CIDR). Twenty one cows in Group 4 were treated by "Tow plus Two" program following follicular rupture and intravaginal progesterone implantation. Cows were then observed estrus induction and inseminated artificially at 12 h and 24 h after standing estrus. The rates of estrus induction in Group 4 (18/21, 86%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in groups 1, 2 and 3 (8/12, 67%; 9/12, 75%; 14/20, 70%). In the mean time of onset of estrus after final administration of GnRH in different hormone-treated cows, the cows in Group 3 (24.2$\pm$2.2) and Group 4 (23.4$\pm$2.0) were significantly (P<0.05) shorter than that in Group 1 (28.5$\pm$4.6) and Group 2 (26.4$\pm$3.3). The rates of pregnancy diagnosed on Day 28 were significantly different between treatment groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher rate of pregnancy was observed in Group 4 (17/20, 85.0%) than those in Groups 1, 2 and 3 (7/11, 63.6%; 8/12, 66.7%; 15/20, 75.0%, respectetively). The rate of abortion diagnosed on 49 days of gestation was significantly (P<0/05) lower in Group 4 (1/17, 5.9%) than those in Groups 1, 2 and 3 (2/7, 28.7%; 2/8, 25% and 3/15, 20%, respectively). In conclusion, combined treatments with GnRH and PGF$_2$a following follicular rupture and progesterone implant in anestrus cows was considered to be most effective in estrus induction and maintenance of pregnancy. Further studies are needed to verify the functional mechanisms of residual follicles in anestrus ovaries on retarding the response of hormonal treatments.sponse of hormonal treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1516-1522
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• 2018

Atherosclerosis is an obstructive vessel disease mainly caused by chronic arterial inflammation to which the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the main pathological response. In the present study, the primary responsible inflammatory cytokine and its signaling pathway was investigated. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs was significantly enhanced by the prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$), while neither was affected by tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$. Prostacyclin $I_2$ was seen to enhance the proliferation of VSMCs while simultaneously suppressing their migration. Both prostaglandin $D_2$ and prostaglandin $E_2$ significantly enhanced the migration of VSMCs, however, proliferation was not affected by either of them. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs stimulated by $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ progressed in a dose-dependent manner; the $EC_{50}$ value of both proliferation and migration was $0.1{\mu}M$. VSMCs highly expressed the phospholipase isoform $C-{\beta}3$ ($PLC-{\beta}3$) while others such as $PLC-{\beta}1$, $PLC-{\beta}2$, and $PLC-{\beta}4$ were not expressed. Inhibition of the PLCs by U73122 completely blocked the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-induced migration of VSMCs, and, in addition, silencing $PLC-{\beta}3$ significantly diminished the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Given these results, we suggest that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ plays a crucial role in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, and activation of $PLC-{\beta}3$ could be involved in their $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$-dependent migration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.859-863
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• 1995

The prostaglandin analogue 12-epi-PGF2α (2) has been synthesized from optically active cis-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-2-cyclopenten-1-ol (4b) in 4 steps in an overall yield of 21%. An extremely efficient Pd(Ⅱ)-mediated, three-component coupling reaction is employed to obtain the key intermediate 9.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 1989

The effects of Ginseng saponins on the in vitro biosynthesis of prostaglandins were examined in order to identify the role of some Ginseng components on the regulation of arachidonic arid metabolism. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2$ (PG$E_2$), $F_2$ (PGF2), thromboxane $B_2$(TX$B_2$) and 6-ketoprostaglandin Fl (6-Keto-PGF1) from [3Hl-arachidonic acid were evaluatpf by radiochromatographic analysis with rabbit kidney microtome, human platelet homogenate and bovine aortic microsome. The amounts of the total prostaglandins produced by cyclooxygenase activity and malondialdehyde from arachidonic acid didn't show significant changes in the presence of Ginseng saponins. Both of panaxadiol and panaxatriol didn't affect the production of PG$E_2$ while the formations of PG$F_2$( and TX$B_2$( were nearkedly reduced and the production of prostacyclin was increased. The formation of TXBE was reduced by ginsenoside $Rb_2$, Rc, and Re, however the production of 6-Keto-PGF1 was increased dose dependently up to 1 mg/ml. Moreover, platelet aggregations induced by arachidonic acid and U46619 (9.11-methanepoxy PG$H_2$), TX$A_2$ mimetics, were also inhibited by three ginsenosides. The effect of G-Re on prostacyclin synthetase was inhibited by tranylcypromine, prostacyclin synthetase inhibitor. These results suggest that Ginseng saponins may not directly act on cyclooxygenase but affect on the divergent pathway from endoperoxide.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-38
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to investigate morphologic changes in the corpus luteum of the pregnant rat by electron microscope after administration of prostaglandin F2$\alpha$(PGF2$\alpha$). Pregnant rates were treated with PGF2$\alpha$(1,500$\mu\textrm{g}$/rat) and their corpura lutea were observed morphologically. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The weight of the ovaries and corpura lutea were decreased slightly at 8~24 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ administratin but no significant differences were observed. 2. The number of corpora lutea and luteal cells decreased slightly at 12~48 hours and 18~24 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ tretment but there were no signifciant differences between control and treatment. 3. The weight of uterus and the unmber of embryo decreased slightly at 96 hours and at 18~96 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ administration but no significant differences were obtained. 4. In the electron microscopic observatons, lipid droplets which are electron dense and appear in the cytoplasm moderately increased in number after PGF2$\alpha$ treatment. The lipid droplets were surrounded by mitochodria and appeared in the autophagic vacuoles. 5. Moderated and high electron dense mitochondria which are round or elongated in shape showed pleomorphism from 3 hours after PGF2$\alpha$ treatment. Destruction of tubular of vesicular cristae was observed at 6 hours after the treatment. Dense body and myelin figures in matrix of mitochondria were also appeared. 6. Well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum(sER) showed tubular or vesicular cisternae. A number of whorl membranes containing ribosomes, mitochondria and lipid droplets were observed at 1.5 hour after treatment. sER was abundant in luteal cells at 12 hours were treatment. 7. Well-developed Golgi pparatus appeared obviously 6 hours and more prominently at 12 hours. Those Golgi vesicles were remarkably dilated. 8. Generally, a few rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were appeared after treatment and cisternae showed slight dilatation. No differences among the treatments were observed. However, slight dilation of cisternae was observed at 1.5 hours after treatment. 9. Ribosomes composed of free and polyribosomes were abundant before treatment but polyribosomes were appeared at 12 to 24 hours after treatment. 10. Intercellular space were slightly extended at 3 hours and markedly extended at 12 hours. Numerous microvillous protrusions were observed at these times. Membranous multivesicular structures and autophagic vacuoles were also appeared in the intercellular space. 11. At 3 hours after the treatment, autophagic vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm of the cell. They increased in number with time and were observed to transfer to the intercellular space. Lysosomal dense body appeared in the cytoplasm and the inclusion body was also observed in nucleus at 12 to 24 hours after treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1987

It has been reported that the luteal function may be regulated by the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level which may be adjusted partially by the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ in luteal cell membranes. Then, one may expect that luteotropic and/or luteolytic agents, such as gonadotropins, prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}\;(PGF_{2{\alpha}})$ and ouabain, affect the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level. In this present study, therefore, we examined the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH, or human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG), $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain on the kinetic properties of the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ in light membrane, heavy membrane, and microsomal fractions from the highly luteinized ovary. LH (or hCG) increased the affinity and the Vmax for $Ca^{++}$ both in light membrane and heavy membrane. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increased the Vmax in light membrane and decreased the Km in heavy membrane for $Ca^{++}$ at low concentration $(5\;{\mu}g/ml)$. At higher concentration, however, $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ oppositly affected on kinetic properties, that shown at low concentration. Ouabain, a potent inhibitor of $Na^+-K^+-ATPase$, increased the Km at high concentration $(10^{-4}\;M)$, however, decreased the Vmax for $Ca^{++}$ in light membrane at low concentration $(10^{-6}\;M)$. Also, ouabain increased the Km for $Ca^{++}$ in heavy membrane without changes in the Vmax at both concentrations. It seems that LH and low dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ increase the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level and cause in activation of $Ca^{++}-ATPase$, however, higher dose of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain inhibit directly $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ activity and result in increase in intracellular $Ca^{++}$ level. According to the above results, we suggest that luteotropic and/or luteolytic agents regulate the luteal progesterone $(P_4)$ production through two different pathways; one is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent and another is $Ca^{++}-dependent$. Intracellula. $Ca^{++}$ level regulated by the high affinity $Ca^{++}-ATPase$ may affect both pathways in a time-dependent fashion. LH (or hCG) acts on the luteal $P_4$ production via both pathways. The initial step is $Ca^{++}$ dependent, and the late step is cAMP dependent. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain increase the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration so that basal luteal $P_4$ production is increased and LH-stimulated $P_4$ production is inhibited by the inhibiting LH-dependent adenylate cyclase activity.