• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 1989

In our previous studies, it was found that activities of maternal peripheral lymphocytes and thymocytes were depressed during the implantation period in rats and rabbits. This study was therefore attempted to clarify further this immunosuppression locally by determining lymphocyte response in lymph nodes draining the uterus (DLN) and to elucidate the mechanism by which prostaglandin E (PGE) modulates immune response during the implantation process in rats. As compared with non-pregnant rats, the response of DLN lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A) was depressed during the implantation period in 100% of rats studied. The activity of DLN lymphocytes depressed on day 8 of pregnancy was, however, restored partially by the treatment of indomethacin (ID), indicating that prostaglandin (PG) might be one of factors responsible for immunomodulation during the process of implantation. DLN lymphocyte activity in non-pregnant rats was suppressed if PGE was pre-treated prior to Con A and this suppression was partially restored by the treatment of ID. Furthermore, DLN lymphocytes pre-treated with PGE produced PGE in vitro and this PGE production was blocked by the treatment of ID, suggesting that PGE induced PGE-producing cells. However, the pretreatment of estradiol, progesterone, and hCG at doses enough to suppress lymphocyte activity was ineffective in inducing PGE-producing cells. From these results, it is suggested that PGE induces PGE-producing suppressor cells, thereby increasing PGE concentration and PGE in turn depresses maternal local immune response as well as systemic immune response during the implantation period in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.1 s.17
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• pp.27-31
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• 1975

1. The isolated strips of guinea-pig, fowl and reptiles (snake and tortoise) showed consistenly excitatory responses to $PGE_1\;and\;E_2$, which were dose-dependent. 2. Frog intestine revealed inhibitory responses to both $PGE_1\;and\;PGE_2$ except a small of $PGE_2$ (1-10 ng/ml) caused slight contraction. 3. The intestines of pieces showed inconsistent responses to $PGE_1\;and\;E_2$. In fresh-water fish(carp), $PGE_1$ produced relaxation under the dose of 50 ng/ml, and contraction by the large doses, but $PGE_2$ consistently caused contraction in dose-dependent manner. However, the strips of sea-water fish revealed the different responses to PGE compound: $PGE_1$ caused relaxation and $PGE_2$ conversly contraction even though in small degree. 4. These results that there are genera differences in the responses of the longitudinal strips of intestine to $PGE_1\;and\;PGE_2$ was assumed to be possibly correlated with evolutionally primitive function of gut.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.797-801
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• 1998

The cure kinetics for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)/4, 4'-methylene dianiline(MDA) system with or without lOphr of phenyl glycidyl ether(PGE)-acetamide(AcAm) was studied by autocatalytic cure expression. On the dynamic DSC curves, the exothermic peak temperature and the onset temperature of reaction decreased with the addition of PGE-AcAm. Regardless of the addition of PGE-AcAm, the shape of the conversion curve showed sigmoid, and this meant that DGEBA/MDA and DGEBA/MDA/PGE-AcAm systems followed autocatalytic cure reaction. When PGE-AcAm was added to DGEBA/MDA system, the cure rate increased about 1.2~1.4 times due to the catalytic role of hydroxyl groups in PGE-AcAm.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.460-463
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• 1997

에폭시 수지 계의 경화반응 속도를 증가시키고 기계적 물성을 향상시키기 위해 합성 pheny1 glycidy1 ether(PGE)-acetamide(AcAm)를 diglycidy1 ether of bispenol A(DGEBA)/4,4'-methylene dianiline(MDA)계에 도입하였다. PGE와 AcAm을 2:1의 몰비로 혼합한 후 18$0^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 반응시켜서 PGE-AcAm을 합성하였다. 5phr의 PGE-AcAm이 첨가되었을 때 인장강도가 15% 개선되었으며, 그 이후로는 PGE-AcAm을 합성하였다. 5phr의 PGE-AcAm이 첨가되었을 때 인장강도가 15% 개선되었으며, 그 이후로는 PGE-AcAm의 함량에 관계없이 거의 비슷한 값을 나타내었다. 반면에유리전이 온도(Tg)와 충격강도는 PGE-AcAm의 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 파단면은 PGE-AcAm이 첨가됨으로써 더 복잡한 형상을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2000

The purpose of this work is to develop a transurethral suppository containing prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$, which stabilizes the drug, gives no irritation to physiological body and enhances the erectile response of $PGE_1.\;PGE_1$ transurethral suppositories were prepared with various amounts of compositions such as saturated polyglycolysed glyceride $(Suppocire^{\circledR}\;AP,\;SAP)$, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-50) and ethanol. The melting points, viscosities and $PGE_1$ release of the suppositories were investigated. Ocular irritation test was carried out after application of $PGE_1$ suppository to rabbit's eye. The intracavernous pressure (ICP), penile length and duration of erectile response were determined after transurethral administration of $PGE_1$ suppository and compared with those after intracavernosal injection of $PGE_1$ solution to cats. HCO-50 hardly affected the melting points and viscosities of $PGE_1$ suppositories. Additionally, $PGE_1$ transurethral suppositories, whose melting point ranges was $34-35^{\circ}C$, was speedily melted in physiological body. HCO-50 significantly decreased the dissolution rates of $PGE_1$ from the suppositories. Dissolution mechanism analysis showed the release of $PGE_1$ was proportional to the square root of time, indicating that $PGE_1$ might be released from the suppositories by Fickian diffusion. The release rate of $PGE_1$ from $PGE_1$ suppository [PGE1/SAP/HCO-50/ethanol (1/94.5/2.5/2%)] was about 80% within 2 h. This $PGE_1$ suppository gave no significant irritation to the ocular tissue, expecting that it gave no irritation to the urethral tissue less sensive than ocular tissue. Furthermore, $PGE_1$ in this suppository was stable at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 years. This suppository increased the ICP and penile erection similar to those of injectable $PGE_1$ solution. However, it gave 2.5-fold increased duration of erectile response than injectable $PGE_1$ solution. Our results suggested that it gave more effective erectile response than injectable $PGE_1$ solution in cats. It is concluded that this $PGE_1$ suppository with good safety, excellent stability and enhanced erectile response, could be a more effective and convenient transurethal delivery system of $PGE_1$.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.356-361
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• 1996

Cure kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA)/4,4'-methylene dianiline(MDA) with hydroquinone-phenyl glycidyl ether(HQ-PGE) as a reactive additive, which was preliminarily synthesized, was investigated by DSC and FT-IR analyses. Kissinger equation and Arrhenius' equation were used to calculate activation energy and pre-exponential factor. When HQ-PGE was added to DGEBA/MDA system, it reduced activation energy of system. When the 5 phr of HQ-PGE was added to DGEBA/MDA system, activation energy was 7.8 kcal/mol by FT-IR analysis and 11.3 kcal/mol by DSC, in comparison with the system without HQ-PGE, activation energy decreased about 30% and 9%, respectively. According to these results, HQ-PGE, introducing agent of this system, acted as a catalyst.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.375-381
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• 2005

A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of prostaglandin $E_{1}\;(PGE_{1})$ and prostaglandin $E_{1}$ ethyl ester $(PGE_{1}-EE)$ in hairless mouse skin homogenate. The sample treatment procedure involved deproteination and precipitation by acetonitrile. $PGE_{1}$ and $PGE_{1}-EE$ in supernatant were separated in a reversed-phase C18 column without being interfered by other components present in hairless mouse skin homogenate. 9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid was used as an internal standard. The retention times of $PGE_{1}$, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid and $PGE_{1}-EE$ were, 4.5, 9.5 and 18.0 min, respectively. The assay showed linearity from 1 to $40\;{\mu}g/ml$ for both $PGE_{1}$ and $PGE_{1}-EE$. Precision expressed as RSD ranged from 2.3 to 14.1 % for $PGE_{1}$ and 1.6 to 11.0% for $PGE_{1}-EE$. Accuracy ranged from 100.5 to 119.6 % for $PGE_{1}$ and from 98.0 to 103.7% for $PGE_{1}-EE$. This method was employed successfully to follow the time course of concentrations of $PGE_{1}$ and $PGE_{1}-EE$ in hairless mouse skin homogenate for stability study.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.396-402
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• 2014

This study is designed to investigate cytoprotective effects of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC on C6 glioma cell apoptosis by oxidative stress. Experimental C6 glioma cells were classified into four groups as follows: normal group, PGE group, chemical groups, PGE+chemical groups. Oxidative stress that caused by chemicals in the C6 glioma cell, check the impact to Chemical group was administered normal group. Apoptotic effect protecting in order to observe the chemical group was administered PGE. We to observe effects of PGE on SOD inhibition, total glutathione production in C6 glioma cells were administered PGE. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by Paraquat was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by SNP was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$ was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by Rotenone was decreased, but the statistical significance was not. In case of administration PGE, SOD inhibition activities significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, Total glutathione did not affect the content. These results suggest that PGE is able to treat a disease caused by oxidative stress and prevent a aging. These results suggest that PGE is a disease caused by oxidative stress and aging, the prevention and treatment of food shall be able to be applied.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.386-389
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• 1997

반응성 첨가제로 사용된 HQ-PGE가 DGEBA/MDA계의 기계적 성질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해서 충격강도와 인장강도를 측정하였다. HQ-PGE의 함량이 25phr일 때 충격 강도는 첨가되지 않았을 때보다 40% 증가하고, 인장강도도 약간 증가하였다. 이것은 HQ-PGE가 합성될 때 생성된 수산기가 자촉매 반응을 하면서 에폭시 수지의 미반응된 에폭시기와 반응한 결과로 사료된다. Young's modulus와 신장율은 HQ-PGE의 함량이 증가함에 따라 크게 변화하지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.1 s.15
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• pp.31-40
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• 1974

1. The authors investigated the effects of $PGE_1$ on the action of sympathomimetics in the vas deferens of guinea-pig, comparing with those in the rat vas deferens, and also the action of $PGE_1$ on the motility of nerve-free smooth muscle of chick amnion. 2. In the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens, the actions of phenylephrine and norepinephrine were much potentiated by pretreatment with $PGE_1$. Futher, in the isolated hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of guinea-pig, effects of phenylephrine, norepinephrine and tyramine on the contractile response of vas to the hypogastric nerve stimulation and to the transmural stimulation were also augumented especially in tension by $PGE_1$-pretreatment. 3. In the isolated hypogastric nerve-vas preparation of rat, both contractile responses to hypogastric nerve and transmural stimulation were slowly reduced by treatment with $PGE_1$ and the potentiated effect of phenylephrine or norepinephrine was not observed in spite of pretreatment with $PGE_1$. 4. The actions of phenylephrine and norepinephrine on the denervated vas deferens of guinea-pig were also enhanced by $PGE_1$ as it were in the intact vas deferens, but there was no significant effect by $PGE_1$ on the action of norepinephrine in the denervated rat vas deferens. 5. $PGE_1$ in low concentration $(10^{-8}g/ml)$ did not affect the spontaneous motility of nerve-free smooth muscle of chick amnion ($9{\sim}11$ th day incubated chick), but in large concentration $(5{\times}10^{-8}g/ml)$ it caused irregular and slightly inhibitory movement. Pretreatment with $PGE_1$ on chick amnion did not exert any change on the action of phenylephrine applied. However, the stimulatory action of physostigmine on the chick amnion was a little antagonized by the low concentration of $PGE_1$. 6. It might be summarized that there is species difference between the actions of $PGE_1$ on the vas deferens of guinea-pig and that of rat, and the action of $PGE_1$ on the guinea-pig vas deferens might be mediated by the other mechanism rather than by direct action on the vas musculature.