• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2017

In this study, the effect of the tensile strength and ratio of disc spacing to penetration depth on the efficiency of tunnel boring machine (TBM) is investigated using Particle flow code (PFC) in two dimensions. Models with dimensions of $150{\times}70mm$ made of rocks with four different tensile strength values of 5 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa were separately analyzed and two "U" shape cutters with width of 10 mm were penetrated into the rock model by velocity rate of 0.1 mm/s. The spacing between cutters was also varied in this study. Failure patterns for 5 different penetration depths of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm were registered. Totally 100 indentation test were performed to study the optimal tool-rock interaction. An equation relating mechanical rock properties with geometric characteristics for the optimal TBM performance is proposed. The results of numerical simulations show that the effective rock-cutting condition corresponding to the minimum specific energy can be estimated by an optimized disc spacing to penetration depth, which, in fact, is found to be proportional to the rock's tensile strength.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.461-476
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• 2022

Research studies on the scale effect on triaxial strength of intact rocks are scarce, being more common those in uniaxial strength. In this paper, the authors present and briefly interpret the peak and residual strength trends on a series of triaxial tests on different size specimens (30 mm to 84 mm diameter) of an intact granitic rock at confinements ranging from 0 to 15 MPa. Peak strength tends to grow from smaller to standard-size samples (54 mm) and then diminishes for larger values at low confinement. However, a slight change in strength is observed at higher confinements. Residual strength is observed to be much less size-dependent. Additionally, this study introduces preliminary modelling approaches of these laboratory observations with the help of three-dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D) simulations based on bonded particle models (BPM). Based on previous studies, two modelling approaches have been followed. In the first one, the maximum and minimum particle diameter (D_max and D_min) are kept constant irrespective of the sample size, whereas in the second one, the resolution (number of particles within the sample or ϕ_v) was kept constant. Neither of these approaches properly represent the observations in actual laboratory tests, even if both of them show some interesting capabilities reported in this document. Eventually, some suggestions are provided to proceed towards improving modelling approaches to represent observed scale effects.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.438-447
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• 2007

본 기술보고서는 Lisbon에서 개최된 2007 ISRM Congress에서 발표된 논문을 소개한 것이다. 이는 SRM(합성암반체)에 관한 연구결과이며, 이의 중요성과 향후 잠재력을 강조하고 있는 Fairhurst 교수가 직접 발표한 논문이다. 절리 암반의 특성을 규명하는 SRM 접근법은 현존하는 경험적 접근법이나 절리 암반의 거동에 대한 현재의 이해정도와 관련지어 재검토된다. 이 재검토 논문에서 절리 암반의 역학적 거동에 영향을 미치는 주요 요소들이 어떻게 고려되는가를 기술하며, 또 SRM 접근법이 상당히 발전되어 현장에 적용된 사례를 보여준다. PFC-3D에서 BP 모델링과 DFN 모사법 등의 두개의 잘 정립된 방법에 기초를 두고 있는 이 기법은 새로운 미끄러지는 절리모델을 사용한다. 이 모델은 모든 응력경로에 의하여 힘을 받고 있는 수천개의 기존 절리를 포함하는 대규모 암반체를 모사할 수 있게 하는 것이다. 암반의 강도 및 취성도, 완전 순응 행렬의 전개, 그리고 초기의 파쇄 등이 SRM 시험에서 얻어지는 결과이다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.623-635
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• 2018

In order to research the influence of different recycled aggregate contents on the mechanical properties of pervious concrete, the experimental study and numerical simulation analysis of the mechanical properties of pervious concrete with five kinds of recycled aggregates contents (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) are carried out in this paper. The experimental test were first performed on concrete specimens of different sizes in order to determine the influence of recycled aggregate on the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, direct tension strength and bending strength. Then, the development of the internal cracks of pervious concrete under different working conditions is studied more intuitively by $PFC^{3D}$. The experimental results show that the concrete compressive strength, tensile strength and bending strength decrease with the increase of the recycled aggregate contents. This trend of reduction is not only related to the brittleness of recycled aggregate concrete, but also to the weak viscosity of recycled aggregate and cement paste. It is found that the fracture surface of pervious concrete with recycled aggregate is smoother than that of natural aggregate pervious concrete by $PFC^{3D}$, which means that the bridging effect is weakened in the stress transfer between the left and right sides of the crack. Through the analysis of the development of the internal cracks, the recycled aggregate concrete generated more cracks than the natural aggregate concrete, which means that the recycled aggregate concrete is easier to form a coalescence fracture surface and eventually break.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.675-687
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• 2018

In the previous studies on the porous rock strength the effect of pore number and its diameter is not explicitly defined. In this paper crack initiation, propagation and coalescence in Brazilian model disc containing a single cylindrical hole and or multiple holes have been studied numerically using PFC3D. In model with internal hole, the ratio of hole diameter to model diameter was varied between 0.03, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, and 0.42. In model with multiple hole number of holes was different in various model, i.e., one hole, two holes, three holes, four holes, five holes, six holes, seven holes, eight holes and nine holes. Diameter of these holes was 5 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm. The pre-holed Brazilian discs are numerically tested under Brazilian test. The breakage load in the ring type disc specimens containing an internal hole with varying diameters is measured. The mechanism of cracks propagation in the wall of the ring type specimens is also studied. In the case of multi-hole Brazilian disc, the cracks propagation and b cracks coalescence are also investigated. The results shows that breaking of the pre-holed disc specimens is due to the propagation of radially induced tensile cracks initiated from the surface of the central hole and propagating toward the direction of diametrical loading. In the case of disc specimens with multiple holes, the cracks propagation and cracks coalescence may occur simultaneously in the breaking process of model under diametrical compressive loading. Finally the results shows that the failure stress and crack initiation stress decreases by increasing the hole diameter. Also, the failure stress decreases by increasing the number of hole which mobilized in failure. The results of these simulations were comprised with other experimental and numerical test results. It has been shown that the numerical and experimental results are in good agreement with each other.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.321-336
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• 2012

암반 절리면과 같이 입자와 연속체 평면의 접촉면에서의 전단거동은 전체 구조물의 거동을 지배할 수 있다. 암반설계의 효율을 높이기 위해서는 입자와 연속체 평면의 접촉면 전단거동 메커니즘에 대한 기초적인 이해와 접촉면 전단강도를 정확하게 산정하는 것이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 연속체 평면의 표면 파쇄가 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 개별요소법 수치해석 프로그램인 $PFC^{2D}$를 사용하였다. 표면 거칠기는 매끄러운 평면, 중간 거칠기 평면, 거친 평면의 세 가지로 구분하였다. 입자의 형상은 원형의 one ball 모델과 삼각형 형상의 3 ball 모델로 구성하였다. 평면은 파쇄가 불가능한 경계요소 연속체 모델과 파쇄가 가능한 입자요소 연속체 모델로 각각 구성하였다. 수치해석 결과, 입자요소 모델의 결합강도가 작을수록 파쇄가 빨리 발생하여 큰 결합강도를 가진 연속체 모델보다 작은 접촉면 전단강도를 보였다. 돌출부의 파쇄가 발생한 후, 접촉면 전단강도는 수렴하는 경향을 보이며, 결합강도가 클수록 돌출부의 파쇄가 적게 발생하였다. 또한 경계요소 연속체 모델이 입자요소 연속체 모델보다 큰 접촉면 마찰각을 나타냈고, 모든 입자 모델에서 연속체의 표면 거칠기가 거칠수록 큰 접촉면 마찰각이 나타났다. 이러한 결과로부터 연속체 평면의 거칠기 및 평면 파쇄가 입자와 평면의 접촉면 전단거동 특성에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.261-275
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• 2012

본 논문은 이수식 쉴드 TBM 굴착시 굴착면 안정에 큰 영향을 미치는 굴착면의 이수 침투에 따른 이막형성여부에 대하여 해석적 고찰을 수행하였다. 이러한 해석적 접근은 이수식 쉴드 TBM의 계획 및 설계시 최적 장비 형식 선정 및 시공계획 수립에 참고가 될 수 있으나, 이제까지 이에 대한 효과적인 해석적 방법에 대하여 제안된 것이 없는 상황이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 사질토 입자의 모델링에 효과적인 $PFC^{2D}$의 Fluid Coupling simulation을 이용하여 해석을 수행하였으며, 해석결과, 이수침투 특성은 굴착 대상지반의 투수성과 이수특성(비중, 점성계수등)에 따라 변화됨을 파악할 수 있었다. 본 해석적 접근방법을 통하여 이수식 쉴드 TBM의 계획 설계단계에서 대상지반 특성을 고려한 이수 점도관리 방안 수립과 함께 시공중의 초기굴진단계에서의 최적 이수점도의 재검증을 통하여 안전한 터널시공에 도움이 될 것이라 판단된다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.151-163
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• 2011

LCM 시험은 디스크커터의 설계와 굴진성능 예측을 위한 가장 신뢰성 있는 시험으로 알려져 왔다. 하지만, 실대형 시료를 대상으로 실제의 커터 하중을 예측할 수 있는 이점이 있음에도 불구하고, 시료의 채취 및 운반이 용이하지 않고 1회 시험에 많은 비용이 소요된다는 단점을 갖고 있다. 또한 절리를 포함한 시료에 대한 시험의 경우, 시험 과정이 용이하지 않을 뿐만 아니라, 시험에서 예측된 모델을 설계에 반영하기 어려운 경우가 많다. 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위해 수치해석 모델개발에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 입자의 유동해석을 효과적으로 묘사할 수 있는 PFC2D를 이용하여 디스크커터의 절삭운동에 의한 암석시험편의 파쇄형상 및 균열 전파양상을 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 절리를 포함한 암석시험편을 모델링하여 절리의 경사각, 절리의 경사방향 그리고 절삭면에 노출된 절리의 간격의 변화에 따른 디스크커터의 절삭력을 수치해석적으로 분석하였다. 해석결과, 절리의 경사방향이 디스크커터의 진행방향과 반대일 때, 절리의 경사각이 작을수록, 노출된 절리의 간격이 좁을수록 더 큰 절삭력이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 수치해석 결과를 토대로, 디스크커터와 절리의 분포 특성과의 상관관계를 LCM 시험 결과와 비교 분석한다면, 보다 정확한 수치모델을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine) 굴착성능 예측 및 디스크커터의 적합 설계에 합리적인 판단기준을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.207-221
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• 2023

In this investigation, the interaction between opening space and neighboring joint has been examined by experimental test and Particle flow code in two dimension (PFC2D) simulation. Since, firs of all PFC was calibrated using Brazilian experimental test and uniaxial compression test. Secondly, diverse configurations of opening and neighboring joint were provided and tested by uniaxial test. 12 rectangular sample with dimension of 10 cm*10 cm was prepared from gypsum mixture. One quarter of tunnel and one and or two joint were drilled into the sample. Tunnel diameter was 5.5 cm. The angularities of joint in physical test were 0°, 45° and 90°. The angularities of joint in numerical simulation were 0°, 30°, 60°, -30°, -45°, -60° and its length were 2cm and 4cm. Loading rate was 0.016 m/s. Tensile strength of material was 4.5 MPa. Results shows that dominant type of crack which took place in the model was tensile cracks and or several shear bands develop within the model. The Final stress is minimum in the cases where oriented angle is negative. The failure stress decrease by decreasing the joint angle from 30° to 60°. In addition, the failure stress decrease by incrementing the joint angle from -30° to -60°. The failure stress was incremented by decreasing the number of notches. The failure stress was incremented by decreasing the joint length. The failure stress was incremented by decreasing the number of notches. Comparing experimental results and numerical one, showed that the failure stress is approximately identical in both conditions.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2014

PURPOSES : To solve problems in current compaction control DCPT(Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test), highly correlated with various testing methods, simple, and economic is being applied. However, it、s hard to utilize DCPT results due to the few numerical analyses for DCPT have been performed and the lack of data accumulation. Therefore, this study tried to verify the validation of numerical modeling for DCPT by comparing and analyzing the results of numerical analyses with field tests. METHODS: The ground elastic modulus and PR(Penetration Rate) value were estimated by using PFC(Particle Flow Code) 3D program based on the discrete element method. Those values were compared and analyzed with the result of field tests. Also, back analysis was conducted to describe ground elastic modulus of field tests. RESULTS : Relative errors of PR value between the numerical analyses and field tests were calculated to be comparatively low. Also, the relationship between elastic modulus and PR value turned out to be similar. CONCLUSIONS : Numerical modeling of DCPT is considered to be suitable for describing field tests by carrying out numerical analysis using PFC 3D program.