• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2008

To find out the status and characteristics of exotic plants in the Gwangreung Forest, a representative forest ecosystem in central Korea, we surveyed the species composition, coverage, and habitat illuminance of exotic plant species in a set of quadrats established along roads and trails in and around the Gwangreung Forest and buffer zone areas, In 1932, only five species of exotic plants were found along paths and roads in the Gwangreung Forest. However, the number of species in the forest has dramatically increased since 2000, when Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and A. trifida L. were first recorded, and in 2007, 38 species of exotic plants were recorded. Among the 11 families, 23 genera and 25 species of exotic plants recorded in the quadrats, Compositae was the most common family (11 species), and perennial herbs, 42%, were the most frequently occurring life type, followed by annual herbs (31%) and biennial herbs (19%). Plants of North American origin comprised 48% of exotic species identified in our surveys. Exotics were found most frequently in quadrats along roads in the forest, followed by the buffer zones and hiking trails. The number of species and individuals of exotic plants decreased as we moved deeper into the forest, but Aster pilosus Willd. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were identified along hiking trails in the interior, and appeared to be capable of spreading further and more rapidly into the forest than other species.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2001

The physiological changes in sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) leaves infected with Drechslera sorghicola were investigated through five recognizable stages of disease development. Water-soaked yellowish brown spots developed two days after inoculation, turned brown with yellow halo, enlarged and coalesced at later stages of disease development. Healthy and infected leaves were analyzed for different biochemical constituents. The chlorophyll contents were decreased significantly with the progress of infection. The levels of reducing and total sugars increased while non-reducing sugars decreased to a significant extent with the progress of disease. The concentration of total phenolics, orthodihydroxy phenols, free and glycosidic phenols showed significant changes due to infection, whereas basic and acid phenols showed little or no change with disease development. Levels of phenolic compounds increased four days after inoculation and decrease thereafter, but the concentration was higher at every stage of disease development relative to healthy tissues. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities increased to varying degrees at different stages of infection. Analysis of protein fractions showed a significant increase with the progress of disease.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제4집
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• pp.205-240
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• 2001

Viele Feministinnen glauben, $da{\ss}\;unvollst\"{a}ndige\;S\"{a}tze$ ein typisches Merkmal $f\"{u}r$ einen spezifisch weiblichen Stil sind. An dieser Stelle soll lediglich ein kurzer Uberblick $\"{u}ber$ die wesentlichen Erscheinungsformen der geschlechtsspezifischen sprachlichen Variation gegeben werden. Zu den universellen Erscheinungen, die in allen Sprachen einen formalen Ausdruck finden, $k\"{o}nnen$ die kommunikativen Rollen $geh\"{o}ren$, die Personen in sprachlichen Interaktionen einnehmen. Im Rahmen der Linguistik sind nicht nur die expliziten und indexikalischen sprachlichen Mittel von Interesse, sondern auch deren kommunikative Signifikanz, da die $oberfl\"{a}chenspra­chliche$ Realisierung dieser auf die Geschlechtsidentitat verweisenden sprachlichen Indikatoren, deren Problematisierung hinsichtlich der Geschlechterdifferenzen signalisiert. Referenzen auf die $Berufsidentit\"{a}t$ hingegen verweisen auf das soziokulturelle Konstrukt der betreffenden Berufsfelder, wobei sie diese jedoch nur spezifizieren. 'Unter thematisch-inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten haben sich diese Erwartungen $erf\"{u}llt$, da die Teilnehmerinnen zum Teil von sehr $pers\"{o}nlichen$ Erfahrungen berichteten. In dieser Arbeit hat es sich gezeigt, wie sich gesellschaftliche Diskriminierung von Frauen im Sprachgebrauch spiegelt, indem die Frauensprache untersucht wird: Unterschiedliches $Gespr\"{a}chs-und$ Sprachverhalten von $M\"{a}nnern$ und Frauen. Die sprachliche Gleichbehandlung von Frauen und $M\"{a}nnem\;mu\ss$ auf der aufrichtigen Erkenntnis von der $ver\"{a}nderten$ sozialen Rolle der Frauen $gegr\"{u}ndet$ werden.

• 생약학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was prepared from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst. EA was examined for antiviral activity against five strains of pathogenic viruses such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana and New Jersey strains, influenza A virus (Flu A), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in vitro. Antiviral activity was evaluated by plaque reduction assay. Among five strains of viruses tested, EA exhibited the most potent antiviral activity against VSV Indiana strain with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of 0.104 mg/ml in Vero cells, and its selectivity index (SI) was 36.5. EA was also examined for the virucidal activity, antiviral activity in preincubation on VSV Indiana strain in order to examine possible mode of antiviral activity. Preincubation of Vero cells with EA did not confer protection against VSV, however, prolonged exposure of cells to EA inhibited the replication of virus dose-dependently. In virucidal activity, the titer of infectious virus did not decrease significantly.

• Mycobiology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.11-14
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• 2001

A preparation of water soluble components(EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antibacterial activity on a number of bacterial species was examined by macrobroth dilution assay. Among 16 species of bacteria tested, the most potent antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus epiderrnidis and Proteus vulgaris, of which MICs were 1.25 mg/ml. To investigate the antibacterial effects in combinations of EA with quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin, the fractional inhibitory concentrations(FICs) and the fractional inhibitory concentration indices(FICIs) for four bacterial strains were determined by macrobroth dilution checkerboard assay. Combinations of EA and quinolones exhibited either additive or indifferent effects of antibacterial activity in most instances. However, both synergistic and antagonistic effects were not observed in any cases.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1999

To evaluate the quality of fish extracts with spicy vegetables (garlic, onion and ginger) in suppressing fishy oder, fish extracts of crucian carp, loach, bastard halibut and jacopever were processed at 100 $^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, and their in vitro and in vivo protein qualities were determined . Protein and total lipid contents were closely related to the degree of discarding floated lipid on fish extracts and the kinds of added apicy vegetables . Boiling (10$0^{\circ}C$) , appeared to improve in vitro protein qualities slightly more than hydrocooking (11$0^{\circ}C$), but those with mild processing tended to result in better protein qualities than high temperature cooking (136-14$0^{\circ}C$). Spicy vegetables did not have remarkable effects on improving in vitro protein quality parameters. Fish extracts with 10% ginger were generally higher in in vitro protein quality than with the other vegetables . In spite of higher in vivo protein digestibility of fish extracts containing spicy vegetables processed under mild conditions(10$0^{\circ}C$), PERs of those extracts were not higher htan those of extranct processed at high temperature.

• 의료법학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.35-57
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• 2007

Hier zu behandelndes Thema ist ein altes Problem beim Recht, das seinen Ursprung sogar im romischen Recht finden kann. Aber wegen der medizinischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Entwicklung $t\ddot{a}ucht$ es wieder mit anderen Konstellationen auf. Dabei geht es besonders darum, ob sich die Patienten an der kommerziellen Nutzung seiner $K\ddot{o}rpersubstanzen$ von anderen-z. B. $\ddot{A}rzten$ oder Forschern-beteiligen $k\ddot{o}nnen$. $Daf\ddot{u}r$ gibt es in Bezug auf Gesetz keine besonderen Regelungen in Deutschland. Und nach zivilrechtlicher Theorie stellt Nutzung menschlicher $K\ddot{o}rpersubstanzen$ eine Personlichkeitsverletzung des fruheren $Tr\ddot{a}gers$ und/oder eine Verletzung des Arzt-Patienten-Vertrages dar. $Au{\beta}erdem$ ist Anspruch des $fr\ddot{u}heren\;Tr\ddot{a}gers$ debkbar, der auf dessen Einwilligung basiert. Dabei sind diese Probleme $zun\ddot{a}chst$ unter $Pers\ddot{o}nlichkeitsverletzung$ zu subsumieren und damit zu $l\ddot{o}sen$.

• 생약학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.244-249
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was prepared from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst. Antiviral activity of EA against vesicular stomatitis virus [Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was examined in Vero cells using plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha or gamma were examined on the multiplication of VSV(IND). EA caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VSV(IND) with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of $104.02\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was analysed by the multiple drug effect analysis. All cases of the combination of EA with IFN alpha or IFN gamma showed potent synergism with CI values of $0.38{\sim}0.52$ for $50{\sim}90%$ effective levels.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.642-645
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• 1998

A severe pink mold rot on matured melon fruits occurred under a glass tunnel cultivation in Chinju at Kyeongasngnam-do Agricultural Research and Extention Services on May of 1998. Basal portion of the fruits toward blossom end was preferably infected and colonized by the fungus. The causal fungus consistently isolated from the lesions was identified as Trichothecium roseum based on following mycological characteristics. Conidia were hyaline or brightly colored, 2-celled, ovoid or elipsoid, characteristically held together zi-zag chains. Conidiophore was long, slender, simple, septate, bearing conidia-meristem arthrospores-apically, singly when young and successively by slight growth of conidiphore apex. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial germination was recorded at 20~$25^{\circ}C$. However, over 48% of the fungal conidia were germinated at 15$^{\circ}C$ and mycelial growth was only slightly slower than $25^{\circ}C$. The temperature profiles and high humidity available during the cultivation were considered favorable for the pathogen as showing 22% infection rate on matured melon fruits cv. Saros. This is the first report of pink mold rot of melon caused by T. roseum in Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2000

A causal fungus of turfgrass blight was isolated from the infected leaves of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and identified as Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason by using a light misroscope. Its conidia are large (14-20 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ diameter), shiny, black, aseptate, and smooth-walled spheres. The fungus caused typical blighting symptoms on the two turfgrass plants of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). The fungus was found to produce a phytotoxic subtance to be associated with the pathogenic mechanism. A phytotoxin was isolated from the liquid cultures of N. sphaerica by repeated silica gel column chromatography and its structure was determined to be 5, 6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-6-propenyl-2H-pyr-2-one (T-3 compound). It was not a host-specific toxin showing phytotoxic effects to various plants inclusing turfgrasses in the leaf-wounding assay, the whole plant test, and the cellular leakage test. The compound caused leaf tip dieback symptoms in turfgrass plants similar to those caused by the pathogen. Thus, T-3 compound is thought to be involved in the development of Nigrospora blight.