• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1994

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of cutting frequencies(2, 3: one time grazed after 2 cuts, 3, 4, 6 cuts per year) and nitrogen fertilization(0 and 120 kg per ha and year) on botanical composition of permanent grassland at the "Federal Research Institute for Agriculture in Alpine Regions(Gumpenstein)," Austria The results are summarized as follows: 1. With only fertilizing phosphorus(P) and potassium(K),mean annual dry matter yields were 6.9 - 8.4 ton per ha and highest when only one time grazed after 2 cuts, but fell progressively with increase in cutting frequency and additonal fertilization of nitrogen. The average nitrogen efficiences expensed as dry matter yieldsfig) per feltilized nitrogenfig per ha) were 10.3 kg. 2. When N fertilizer was applied, the proportion of tall and medium grasses in the mixed swards increased by 30 - 50% compared with only fertilizing PK. Whereas swards with fertilizing only PK generally stimulated composition of the legumes at the expense of the grasses(30 - 50%). 3. Although the proportion of tall and medium grasses(Trisetum flavescens and Dachlis glomerara) and tall herbs(hntodon hispidus, Taraxacum oflcinale and Aegopodium podagraria) increased by infrequent cutting, frequently cutting plots helped increase the proportion of short grasses(Poa pratensis and Poa trivialis), especially where plots both had been applied with nitrogen fertilizer. 4. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in higher existence of herbs and weeds such as Taramcum oficinale. Aegopodium podagraria, Galium mllugo, Anthriscus silvestris and Lamium album. 5. Due to unusually high or low cutting frequencies such as 4 cuts or 2 cuts per year increased botanical compostion of Heracleum sphondylium.hondylium.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate appropriateness of home health care travel cost. For the evaluation, investigated the operating costs of vehicles used by home care nurses and then were components of home care nurses's annual salaries. Travel costs were then calculated based on actual travel expenses of home health care service. Actual data of 23 hospital-based home care agencies between July, 2002 to December, 2002 were collected for the analysis of the travel costs. The results of this study are : 1) For home visit, 65% of home care agencies turned out to be using only hospital owned cars, and 17.1% be depending purely on home care nurses' cars. On average, 1.9 cars used for home visit. 2) Out of 89 agencies, 23 agencies responded to the travel cost survey. Total maintenance cost of a car per month was 381,457 won. 3) Average per visit personal expenses of home care nurses during travel time turned out to be 7,124won assuming 8 working hours per day, 4 visits per day, and 30 minuets of travel time for each visit. 4) Total home health care travel cost per visit was 12,069 won, which was the sum of actually paid travel cost of 4,945 won and personal expenses during travel time of 7,124. In conclusion. we reckon that current compensation price of home care nurses' travel is inappropriate because total home health care travel costs of 12,069 won per visit turned out to be 2.1 times of currently prevailing standard compensation price of 5,830 per visit.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.206-217
• /
• 1997

This study was designed to analyze and compare production management practices and labor productivity between conventional and commissary school foodservices and 46 dietitians of commissary school foodservices in Kyunggi-do. The response rates were 89.7% and 91.3$\%$, respectively. The number of meals served was ranged from less than 100 to over 1, 900 in conventional school foodservices and from 200 to 1, 600 in commissary foodservices. Thirty three conventional foodservices(42.3%) produced less than 300 meals per day. Numbers of satellite school per central kitchen were ranged from 1 to 5 schools ; fifty percent of commissary foodservices have contained 3 satellite schools. Meals for satellite schools were transported between 11:00 a.m.and 12:00 a.m ; transportation time was from 10 to 90 minutes. Waiting time before service in satellite schools was between 10 minutes and 80 minutes. Part time employees supported by parents were hired in 37.3$\%$ of conventional and 50$\%$ of commissary school foodservices. Voluntary workers were supplied for 64.9$\%$ of conventional and 52.4$\%$ of commissary school foodservices. Labor productivity was calculated from work schedule. Labor productivity(labor minutes per meal)was lowest in foodservices with 101-4-- meals(8.48 min)was lower than that of foodservices with above 401 meals ; no significant differences were found among 401-700(6.02 min), 701-1, 100(4.01 min), 1, 101-1, 500(3.41 min), and 1, 501-1, 900(3.15 min)meals in conventional foodservices. Labor minutes per meal of foodservices which served less than 400 meals(6.90 min) per day was significantly lower than those of foodservices which served 401-1, 900 meal(3.41-4.92 min) in commissary foodservices(p<0.05)

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 1979

Several herbs were tested for their antimicrobial activities during preservation of soy sauces. The herbs which resulted in retarded growth of film yeasts were extracted and added to various media such as koji-extract agar, buion-peptone agar to elucidate effects on the growth of film yeasts, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Addition of phellodendron powder resulted in retarded formation of film in fermented soy sauces. Film was produced after 2 days without addition of the phellodendron powder. However, formation of film was observed after 8 days when 0.5 per cent of the phellodendron powder was added, and after 12 days when 1.0 per cent of the powder was added to fermented soy sauce. 2) For the amino acid soy sauce, formation of film was retarded for 6 days by 0.5 per cent of the pow der and for 8 days by 1.0 per cent of the powder. 3) Repression of film yeasts by addition of helenii and camphora powder was recognized respectively, but other herbs were appeared to have no detectable effects. 4) Growth of film yeast and Asp. oryzae way, retarded for 5 days on koji-extract agar plates which contain 0.5 per cent of phellodendron extract. Bac. subtilis also showed retarded growth for 5 days on buion-peptone agar plates containing the same amount of the extract. 5) Retarded growth of film yeast for 5 days was obtained when grown on koji-extract agar plates containing 15 per cent of sodium chloride and 0.3 per cent of phellodendron powder, however, no growth of Asp. oryzae was obtained on this concentration of sodium chloride. Growth of Bac. subtilis was repressed for 5 days on buion-peptone agar plates which contain 15 per cent of sodium chloride and 0.1 per cent of phellodendron powder.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.28 no.3 s.51
• /
• pp.663-677
• /
• 1995

Special health examination institute has done periodic health examination for workers who have worked in the hazardous workplace. However, assessment on outcome in special health examination institute about detection ability of occupational disease has not been. In this circumstances, we studied on the differences of health examination outcome among special health examination institutes and identified related factors which affected outcome of special health examination in the special health examination institutes. The summary of the results were as follows. 1. 50 special health examination institutes were examined in this study. Among them, university institutes were 13 cases(26.0%), hospitals were 20 cases(40.0%), a corporation aggregates were 9 cases(18.0%) and an auxiliary organs of company were 8 cases(16.0%). There were 29(58.0%) institutes with a preventive medicine specialist, but 21 institutes(42.0%) were not. 2. Total workers examined in 50 institutes were 606,948 and workers diagnosed as occupational disease$(D_1)$ were 3,156. The rate of occupational disease was 6 workers per 1,000 examined workers. Workers needed for close observation(C) were 95,809 and the rate of workers needed for close observation was 141 per 1,000 examined workers. 3. The rate of occupational disease of university institutes was highest(11.3 per 1,000 examined workers), and followed by hospitals(6.0 per 1,000 examined workers), a corporation aggregates(4.2 per 1,000 examined workers), and an auxiliary organs of company(1.2 per 1,000 examined workers). The difference of the rate of occupational disease between university institutes and an auxiliary organs of company was statistically moderate significant(p<.1). The rate of occupational disease in special health examination institutes with establishment duration was more than 10 years was statistically higher than institutes with establishment duration was less than 10 years(p<.1). 4. The results of multiple regression, $R^2$ was 0.3394(adjusted $R^2$ was 0.2109), F-value was 2.6416(p<.05), and statistically significant variables were establishment duration(p<.01), number of examined workers per one doctor(p<.1), and auxiliary organs of company(p<.1), which dependent variable was the rate of occupational disease and independent variables were number of examined workers per one doctor, classification of institute, the rate of working environment exceeding TLV, duration of institute establishment, presence of a preventive medicine specialist.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.205-211
• /
• 1982

This survey was conducted to find out demage done to the farmers by Agrochemicals in a rural area of Korea from January to October, 1980. Choon Sung Gun, Kang Won Province was the survey area and the 412 males were surveyed among all those that have sprayed agrochemicals during 10 Months in 1980. Obtained results and findings from this survey are summarized as follows; 1. The total spray days of 413 males were 3,114 days and avarage spray days per person were 7.54 days. Also avarage spray hours per person were 4.7 hours. 2. The incidence rate per 100 persons of self-recognized skin manifestation was 12.6 persons and incidence rate per spray day was 2.7 percent. The incidence rate per 100 persons of self-recognized intoxication was 23.0 persons and incidence rate per spray day was 3.6 percent. 3. In cases where mask was not used, when it was syrayed in hot weather, when stronger solution was used, the results were higher percentage in self-recognized intoxication (P<0.01). 4. The symptoms of self-recognized intoxication were headache (55.8%), dizziness (46.9%), nausea (17.7%), fatigue (17.0%), and vomiting (17.0%), 5. Number of intoxication per 100 used standardized unit by agrochemicals was parathion (93.8 spells), sumithion (91.8 spells) and folithion (66.7 spells). 6. Treatment was done by health facility utilization (27 cases), visits to drug store (13 cases) and visits to health center (7 cases).

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.7-18
• /
• 2016

Several authentication methods have been developed to make use of tokens in the mobile networks and smart payment systems. Token used in smart payment system is genearated in place of Primary Account Number. The use of token in each payment transaction is advantageous because the token authentication prevents enemy from intercepting credit card number over the network. Existing token authentication methods work together with the cryptogram, which is computed using the shared key that is provisioned by the token service provider. Long lifetime and repeated use of shared key cause potential brawback related to its vulnerability against the brute-force attack. This paper proposes a per-transaction shared key mechanism, where the per-transaction key is agreed between the mobile device and token service provider for each smart payment transaction. From server viewpoint, per-transaction key list is easy to handle because the per-transaction key has short lifetime below a couple of seconds and the server does not need to maintain the state for the mobile device. We analyze the optimum size of the per-transaction shared key which satisfy the requirements for transaction latency and security strength for secure payment transactions.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2011

The use of land cover was sharply changed during 1975~2007 in the Kyungan watershed $(561.12 km^2)$. The changes occurred over an area of more than $227.65 km^2$ during the overall period at changing rates of 1.04% per year for water area, 1.79% per year for residential area, 2.99% per year for bare area, 3.03% per year for wetland area, 3.04% per year for grass area, 0.87% per year for forest and 2.32% per year for agriculture area. Water, residential, bare and wetland areas increased, while grass, forest and agriculture areas decreased during the last 32 years. BOD concentrations of representative sites for each sub-watershed continuously increased until the early 2000s as residential area increased with the highest discharged load, but decreased after the mid 2000s except upper Kyungan watershed. Such decline appears to be associated with the planning of Total Maximum Daily Load management for Gwangju city and expansion of waste water treatment plant. It is necessary to control land use/cover changes of the upper watershed and to prepare appropriate watershed management system for improvement in river environment including water quality, stream flow and bio-diversity.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2022

This study examines the strength of the impact of fiscal policy tools on economic wellbeing as measured by per capita income in Malaysia from 1996 to 2020. The impact of fiscal policy instruments on economic wellness, represented by real income per capita, is measured using the autoregressive distributed lags model. The speed of adjustment from short-run disequilibrium to long-run equilibrium is also measured to assess the strength of the fiscal instruments' impact on per capita income. Empirical results exhibit the existence of co-integration relationships between per capita income, tax revenue, and government spending. The findings provide strong support for the presence of a long-run positive impact on government spending and a long-run negative impact of tax revenue on per capita income. The coefficient of ECT_t-1 indicates that deviations from a short-run disequilibrium to a long-run equilibrium from the current to the future period are corrected with a speed of 76% (equivalent to a duration of 1.5-2 years to return to equilibrium). The practical and policy implication of the results is fiscal instruments play a significant role, mainly in alleviating the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the long run.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the of rearing native and cross-bred dairy cows and returns received from them. For this purpose, 144 cows of 132 household from 24 villages were randomly selected. of them, 96 were native cows and 48 were cross-bred cows. The study revealed that among the structure of cost components, labour charge occupied the major share in the total cost of milk production per litre. The total cost of rearing native and cross-bred cows was Tk. 14,155 and Tk. 19,854 per annum, respectively. The average net cost of milk production per litre was Tk. 14.12 for native cows and Tk. 0.52 and for cross-bred cows were Taka 3.40. The benefit-cost ratio of milk per litre was higher (1:1.33) in cross-bred cows than native ones (1:1.04). The study further showed that in comparing with bulk line cost, the price of milk per litre received by the farmers was higher in cross-bred cows than native cows. Therefore, the study recommends dairying with cross-bred cows as encouraging and viable commercial enterprise in Banfladesh.