• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.127-137
• /
• 1979

Three factors affecting cigarette weight, tobacco shreds length(cut width 0.9mm), moisture content and filling grower were studied for domestic brands. The results were obtained as follows. 1. When the moisture contents war법 changed by one per cent consecutively. filling power of tobacco shreds and cigarette weight were changed by 3.9 - 7.9 per cent for the former and by 5.7 - 7.6 per cent for the later. The longer the length of tobacco, shreds, the wider are the changing radios, and vice versa. 2. At constant moisture content (12 %), filling Power and cigarette weight were varied by 3.8- 22.8 per cent and by 2.9-29.4 per cent respectively due to the fluctuation of tobacco shreds length, The range of this variation was increased by reducing moisture content , and was decreased by increasing the moisture content. 3. The higher the blending ratio of shreds longer than 2 mm, the lower are the cigarette weights. 4. The operation standard weight of domestic brands was found 1- 9 per cent higher compared with the observed optimal cigarette weight in this study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.27 no.1 s.45
• /
• pp.107-116
• /
• 1994

The United States adopted DRG based prospective payment system (PPS) in order to control the inflation of health care costs. No study used statistical test while many studies reported the cost containing effect of the PPS. To study impacts of the PPS on the Medicare expenditure, this study set the following three hypotheses (1) The PPS decelerated the increase in the hospital expenditure (Part A), (2) the PPS accelerated the increase in the expenditure of outpatients and physicians (Part B), (3) the increase in total expenditure was decelerated inspite of the spill over (substitution) effect because saving in the Part A expenditure were greater than losses in the Part B expenditure. The dependent variables are per capita hospital expenditure, per capita Part B expenditure, and per capita total expenditure for the Medicare beneficiaries. An intervention analysis, which added intervention effect to the time series variation on the Box-Jenkins model, was used. The observations included 120 months from 1978 to 1987. The results are as follows : (1) The annual increase in the per capita Part A expenditure was $5.11 after the implementation of DRG where as that before the PPS had been $11.1. The effect of the reduction ($5.99) was statistically significient (t=-3.9). (2) The spill over (substitution) effect existed because the annual increase in the per capita Part B expenditure was accelerated by $1.73 (t=1.91) after the implementation of the PPS. (3) The increase in the total Medicare expenditure per capita was reduced by $4.26 (t=-2.19) because the spill over effect was less than cost savings in the Part A expenditure.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.30 no.6 s.113
• /
• pp.321-326
• /
• 2005

Tractor performance was analyzed using the data from 226 Korean-made and 107 imported tractors tested at the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering for the 25-year period from 1980 through 2004. The performance analysis included the specific volumetric fuel consumption (svfc), power per unit weight and traction coefficient evaluated from the viewpoint of PTO power level. No significant performance improvement has been made for the Korean-made tractors over the last 25 years. The average svfc for the maximum PTO power has increased by only $2.1\%$ from 1980 to 2004, resulting in 2.86 kW${\cdot}$h/L in 2004. The average maximum PTO and drawbar power per unit weight of ballasted tractors were 1.38 and 1.19 kW/kN in 2000-2004, indicating $14.0\%$ and $5.9\%$ decreases respectively from 1980 to 2004. The traction coefficient has increased by $23.1\%$ over the 25 years, resulting in 0.68 in the 2000-2004 period. Poor performance improvement was also observed from the imported tractors. In the 2000-2004 period, average svfc for the maximum PTO power, PTO power per unit ballasted weight, drawbar power per unit ballasted weight and traction coefficient of the imported tractors were respectively 3.0 kW${\cdot}$h/L, 1.34 kW/kN, 1.13 kW/kN and 0.68. PTO and drawbar power per unit weight were lower in imported tractors than the Korean-made tractors. Comparing the test results with those of tractors less than 37 kW tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory from 1981 to 2002, the Korean-made tractors have exhibited better performance in terms of power per unit weight. However, poor performance in the svfc and traction coefficient was observed. The average svfc and traction coefficient of the Korean-made tractors were respectively $86.4\%$ and $83.7\%$ of the tractors tested at the NTTL over the same period.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.39-77
• /
• 1984

It has been well known that the family pjanning programme has a great deal with declining fertility in Korea. The present study was aimed to measure the impact of family planning program me on fertility level. The specific objectives are to overview the demographic changes ncluding fertility declining and to calculate actual number of birth averted during the last 20 years. The data used for the present study was collected from various sources such as service statistics of the government, survey and research reports, and other related papers. The tool used for calculation of birth prevention was "Standard Couple Years of Protection (SCYP) Method" developed by M Gorosh. The major findings are summarized as follows ; Total of family planning acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 9,556,153. On the basis of this data, total of averted births was calculated for eachcontraceptive Method ; 1.Oral pills, total number of acceptors from 1968 to 1982 was 2.347,259. Estimated number of birth averted was 272 ,303 .70 and the Coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.114 2.Condoms, total number of birth acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 2,874,216. Estimated number of birth averted was 220,495.30 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.077. 3.IUD, total number of acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 5,101 .650. Estimated number of birth averted was 1,377,584.76 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.270. 4.Vasectomy, total number of acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 556,508. Estimated number of birth averted was 626 ,128 .80 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 1.125. 5.Tubaligation total number of birth acceptors from 1972 to 1982 was 1 210,775. Estimated number of birth averted was 1 ,117 679.00 and thecoefficient of birtlts prevention per acceptor turned nut to be 0.923. 6.Abortion, total number of acceptors from 1973 to 1982 was 465,525. Estimated number of birth averted was 355 ,283 .60 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.763.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.554-566
• /
• 2014

This paper analyses the relationship between regional economic power defined as GRDP per capita and various socioeconomic variables such as fiscal variables(revenue, expenditure, etc.) as well as nonfiscal variables(population, ratio of old population, unemployment rate, dependency ration) using the pooling data of 16 local governments from 1998 to 2012. To put it concretely, following the Granger causality test, regression analysis has been done with the regional economic power being the dependent and variables which have either one or two direction causality being independent variables. And test of cumulative effects has been done with variables showing statistical significance in the regression analysis. Local tax revenues per capita, expenditures of social development per capita and median age have positive effects, while dependency ratio has negative effect on regional economy. And national subsidy per capita, local tax revenues per capita, expenditures of social development per capita and median age all have cumulative effects on regional economy.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2008

Video-on-demand (VOD) service allows subscribers to view any video whenever they want. With the development of the high speed computer networks, web-based VOD services are available. To support VOD services, charging scheme is necessary. Pay-per-view is an effective charging scheme for VOD services. Pay-per-view allows the subscribers to pay for what they have viewed. Privacy is another important attribute for VOD services. The subscribers may not want to reveal what they have viewed to anyone including the VOD provider. Anonymity makes it complicated to calculate charge for the VOD service. An approach that achieves both anonymity and pay-per-view charge calculation is necessary. In this paper, anonymous web-based VOD service is proposed. The proposed approach also gives pay-per-view capability.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 1997

In this experiment, gene actions were analysized for seven barley parents in order to obtain basic information on their genetic improvement by diallel crosses. The results obtained were summarized as follows. In analysis of variance, additive, dominant, maternal and reciprocal effects were observed significantly for culm length, tiller number, number of spiked per plant, culm diameter, awn length, leaf width, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight. Over-dominance was shown by Vr-Wr graphic analysis in five characters such as tiller number, number of spikes per plant, length of flag leaf, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight, and partial dominance in four characters such as culm length, culm diameter, awn length, and leaf width. Component of genetic varience analyzed for four characters such as culm diameter, awn length, length of flag leaf, and leaf width showed that additive effects were higher than dominant effects. Culm length, tiller number, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight showed dominant effects higher than additive effects. The narrow-sense heritability for awn length, leaf width, and number of grains per spike showed high values as more than 0.62, while broad-sense heritability for culm length, number of spikes per plant, culm diameter, awn length, leaf width, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight showed high values as more than 0.65.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.216-226
• /
• 1983

Genetic studies on the $F_2$ generation of a set of half diallel crosses involving six cowpea varieties were conducted. by the randomized block design with three replications to determine combining ability, gene action and the relationships between parents and their $F_2$ hybrids. The 12 agronomic characters namely, days to flowering, days from flowering to maturity, days to maturity, diameter of stem, length of internode, number of branches per plant, length of pod, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant, 100 grain weight and grain weight per plot were observed, and the $F_2$ generation of this diallel set of crosses was analysed for each character according to the method by Jinks and Hayman. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Vr-Wr graphical analyses; The following seven characters, days to flowering, number of branches per plant, length of pod, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, 100 grain weight and grain weight per plot appeared to be partially dominant, and over dominance was found for days from flowering to maturity, days to maturity, length of internode and number of grains per pod. But diameter of stem indicated partial dominance near complete dominance. 2. Estimates of genetic variance components; In the degree of dominance,. eight characters, that is, days to flowering, days from flowering to maturity, days to maturity, length of internode, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, number of grains per plant and grain weight per plot were expressed larger than 1. And the characters, days from flowering to maturity, number of branches per plant and number of grains per plant as the degree of mean dominance ($H_1$/D) were found to be negative value over other characters. On the other hand, apprent asymmetry of dominance-recessive allele ($H_2$ /$4H_1$) produced comparatively estimates with lower value on days from flowering to maturity, length of internode, number of branches per plant and number of grains per pod. 3. Analyses of combining ability; Mean square value of GCA(general combining ability) appeared to be more important than those of SCA (specific combining ability) for most characters, and among them, grain weight per plot showed the highest mean square value in GCA and SCA. 4. Effect of combining ability; Variety 178 was expressed as the highest GCA effects in five characters (days to flowering days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and grain weight per plot). SCA effects were differed from parents, characters and crosses, but crosses between TVu 1857 $\times$ TVu 2885 and TVu 2702 $\times$ J78 were shown to be highly with SCA effects on yield.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.38.1-38.9
• /
• 2020

Chronotype is an important moderator of psychiatric illnesses, which seems to be controlled in some part by genetic factors. Clock genes are the most relevant genes for chronotype. In addition to the roles of individual genes, gene-gene interactions of clock genes substantially contribute to chronotype. We investigated genetic associations and gene-gene interactions of the clock genes BHLHB2, CLOCK, CSNK1E, NR1D1, PER1, PER2, PER3, and TIMELESS for chronotype in 1,293 healthy Korean individuals. Regression analysis was conducted to find associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and chronotype. For gene-gene interaction analyses, the quantitative multifactor dimensionality reduction (QMDR) method, a nonparametric model-free method for quantitative phenotypes, were performed. No individual SNP or haplotype showed a significant association with chronotype by both regression analysis and single-locus model of QMDR. QMDR analysis identified NR1D1 rs2314339 and TIMELESS rs4630333 as the best SNP pairs among two-locus interaction models associated with chronotype (cross-validation consistency [CVC] = 8/10, p = 0.041). For the three-locus interaction model, the SNP combination of NR1D1 rs2314339, TIMELESS rs4630333, and PER3 rs228669 showed the best results (CVC = 4/10, p < 0.001). However, because the mean differences between genotype combinations were minor, the clinical roles of clock gene interactions are unlikely to be critical.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.581-587
• /
• 2023

In this study, we tried to provide basic data for radiation safety management by comparing and analyzing the exposure doses of radiation workers and frequent workers at C University Hospital in Incheon. From January 2021 to December 2022, surface dose and deep dose were analyzed for 30 radiation workers and 8 frequent workers who worked at C university hospital in Incheon. Radiation workers were targeted at radiation technicians and nurses working in the radiation oncology department and nuclear medicine department, and frequent visitors were targeted at frequent workers who manage and clean facilities in the same radiation management area. In the radiation worker group, 3.1 per 10,000 radiation technologist, 1.2 per 100,000 nurses, and 4.5 per 1,000,000 frequent workers showed the possibility of developing side effects on the lungs. The probability of radiation oncology was 1.1 per 10,000 for radiation technologist and 5.2 per 1,000,000 for nurses, and the probability of radiation technologist in nuclear medicine was 2.9 per 10,000 and for nurses was 7.1 per 1,000,000. It is hoped that this study can be used as basic data in future revisions on frequent workers, and it is considered that it will be used as basic data in the field of obstacles in relation to the stochastic effect of radiation in the future.