• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1999

To get the best result from vacuum freeze drying of water-logged wood, it is necessary for objects to find out the best conditions such as chemicals, appropriate concentration of solution, impregnation method and etc. Such best conditions could be set up by pre-treatment experiments. Two kinds of wood(Pinus densiflora S. et Z. and Quercus acutissima Carruth) were pre-treated by four methods: 2-step PEG treatment(PEG#200-PEG#4000), sorbitol treatment, PEG#200+PEG#4000 treatment, and sorbitol+PEG#4000 treatment. After those pre-treatment, vacuum freeze-drying was undertaken. Then the effect of dimensional stability were compared. When using 2-step PEG treatment, a solution of 60% PEG #4000 got the best dimensional stability for pine and in case of the oak, a solution of 40% PEG#4000 got the best. Sorbitol treatment got rather good result for the pine only when applied with 40% solution of sorbitol. Sorbitol, PEG#200+PEG#4000 and sorbitol+PEG#4000 treatments to the oak didn't affect on dimensional stability sufficiently.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.35
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• pp.45-55
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• 2014

The small dining tables which are made of bamboo were deteriorated condition when those were excavated from Mado shipwreck No.1. Therefore, preliminary test was conducted for consolidation (Sucrose, Dammar gum, Cetyl alcohol and Polyethylene glycol 4000) then impregnated and vacuum freeze dried. After the test, since the treatment with vacuum freeze drying using an aqueous solution of PEG 4000 keep the shape well the most and present bright colour, waterlogged archaeological bamboo conserved with vacuum freeze drying using an aqueous solution of PEG 4000. One bamboo table consolidated with soluble PEG 4000 from 10% to 40%, then vacuum freeze dried. Another impregnated with soluble PEG 4000 from 10% to 70%. After that, it was separated and held in polycarbonate sheet for preventing bending during dry. The small dining tables are the three dimensional shapes and have some loss. Therefore the mounting for support tables were necessary which are made of acrylic sheet. It keep the table shape and make it convenient for storage and handling.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.741-744
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term safety of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 in children with constipation, particularly the biochemical aspects of safety. Methods: Medical records were evaluated, and 100 children, who had been taking PEG 4000 for more than 6 months, and who had been under clinical and biochemical monitoring, were enrolled. Ages; $6.11{\pm}3.12$ years, Duration of therapy; $16.93{\pm}7.02$ months, dose of PEG 4000; $0.72{\pm}0.21g/kg/d$. Results: None of the children complained of clinical adverse effect. The first biochemical test was performed at 8.05 months after beginning of PEG 4000. Serum phosphate (SP) value was high in 10 children, and leucopenia was noted in one child. The second test was performed in 44 children at 7.57 months after the first test. The SP value was high in four children, including the three children whose initial SP value was high and one new child. Six out of 10 children with high initial SP value became normal and one was lost. Hypernatremia was noted in one child. The third test was done in 15 children at 7.5 months after the second test. The SP value of the new child from the second test was high, but became normal after finishing treatment. Two out of 3 children with high SP value at the second test became normal and one was lost. The fourth test was done in 2 children few months after the third test. All of the results were normal. There were no relation between duration of therapy and hyperphosphatemia, or between dose of PEG 4000 and hyperphosphatemia. Conclusions: PEG 4000 is safe for long-term therapy in children with constipation with respect to biochemical parameters.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.24
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• pp.57-66
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• 2008

It is reported that excavated carbonized wooden objects tend to have more peeling and deformation stemming from the coexisting of different types of parts of objects. However, there is little research results on this. In this experiment, the sugar alcohol method was used and then compared with the results of the PEG4000 method which widely uses. This research targets: prediction of strength by weight increase, investigation of the dimensional stabilization effects by measuring the rate of shrinkage change, condition of drug penetration and change of wood texture by using a scanning electron microscope. As the results, the PEG4000 method needs a phased approach over 80% impregnation. On the other hand, the S A method remains steady from over 40% impregnation. The Deformation of carbonized wooden objects used in this experiment is considered as the phenomenon by shrinkage of non-carbonized parts. The PEG4000 method is verified the shrinkage in the samples treated with 20%, 40% and 60%; the S A method is verified the shrinkage in the samples treated with 20%.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.19
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• pp.73-84
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• 2006

The conservation methods for the charred-woods excavated under the Daewoongjeon Hall of Youngguksa Temple, Youngdong, Chungbuk, Korea were investigated. The tests revealed that PEG#400 10% for four days followed by gradual application of PEG#4000 10% to 40% showed the most stable and robust results, showing no cracks in macroscopic examination. This treatment method was applied to the two charred elements, which appeared to be the capitals at the excavated site. After the treatment, the consolidated capitals were transported to the laboratory, where they were retreated with PEG#4000 80% at $85^{\circ}$.... Charred capitals showed also an excellent level of stability.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.391-395
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was performed evaluate optimal dose for disimpaction, efficacy and safety of PEG 4000 in children with chronic functional constipation. Methods : Eighty six children with chronic functional constipation were enrolled in this prospective study at Konkuk university hospital March, 2003 through August, 2006. Success in disimpaction with PEG 4000 was defined as meeting at least two out of three criteria; resolution of chief complaint, getting easiness of defecation with respect to frequency of bowel movement and hardness of stool based on defecation diary, and decrease in fecal impaction on simple abdominal X-ray test. Adverse effects of PEG 4000 were monitored clinically and biochemically. Results : Eighty three out of 86 children completed the study, and success rate of disimpaction was 99% (82/83). The mean dose of PEG 4000 for disimpaction was $0.93{\pm}0.28g/kg/day$ (0.4-2.0 g/kg/day, Max.: 30 g/day). Frequency of bowel movement increased ($5.02{\pm}2.71/wk$ vs. $11.25{\pm}5.43/wk$) in most children (79/83). Fecal impaction on simple abdominal X-ray test improved with statistical significance in 25 children (P=0.0007). Because of adverse effect of PEG 4000, 3 children did not complete the study; urticaria, severe diarrhea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. One 6-year-old girl who completed the study complained tingling sensation in the hand and foot without laboratory abnormality (4/86, 4.7%). Laboratory test revealed hyperosmolality without clinical symptom in 1 child, and eosinophilia in 6 children. Conclusion : The average safe and effective dose of PEG 4000 for disimpaction was $0.93{\pm}0.28g/kg/day$ (0.4-2.0 g/kg/day, Max : 30 g/day) in children with chronic functional constipation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.5 no.2 s.6
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• pp.3-14
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• 1996

The chemicals are PEG $\#4000$ and sucrose, which have been conventionally used for the treatment of waterlogged wood. The present investigation was undertaken in order to reveal difference of the impregnation between the chemicals, but also to contribute to the explanation of the chemicals penetration process and distribution within wood structure. Comparable observation concerning the deposits shapes of chemicals after treatment, PEG4000 penetrated samples were occurred at the cell wall shrinkage and cracks, whereas the majority of the cells and lumens were entirely filled with a crystalline structure. Sucrose penetrated samples remained almost like sound wood, although the penetration ristricted only the cell walls was filled by amorphous structure.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1212-1216
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• 2007

Purpose : To determine optimal maintenance dose and to evaluation the efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) in children with chronic functional constipation. Methods : This study enrolled 41 children with chronic functional constipation at the Konkuk university hospital August 2005, then June, 2007. Effective maintenance dose was designed as initial amount of PEG4000 that improved frequency, bowel movement, stool consistency for 2 months. Clinical outcome was analysed on the basis of defecation diary. Adverse effect was monitored clinically and biochemically. Results : As a whole group effective maintenance dose of PEG4000 was $0.55{\pm}0.16g/kg/day$ (0.25-0.86). With respect to age, 3-5 years ($0.60{\pm}0.15$), 6-8 years ($0.57{\pm}0.16$), 9-13 years ($0.44{\pm}0.14$) (P=0.024). With respect to body weight, <30 kg ($0.62{\pm}0.14$), ${\geq}30kg$ ($0.41{\pm}0.10$) (P=0.001). One child comlained apigastric soreness on medication. Conclusion : PEG4000 is effective and safe in children with chronic constipation. Initial maintenance dose of PEG4000 was 0.55 g/kg/day.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.37
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• pp.17-26
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• 2016

Mado shipwreck No.1 is where a total of 57 bamboo slips were discovered. Bamboo slips first excavated in the sea. It treated low concentration PEG vacuum freeze drying treatment refer to the method that research finding consolidation about waterlogged bamboo before. PEG 2000 and PEG 4000 used to consolidation materials but some bamboo slips that treated PEG 4000 surface color have been darken using heat gun at surface treatment. So the residual PEG on object's surface was remove steam iron. Bonding used to put 100% PEG 2000 the rayon paper in the surface for stabilization and giving a strength.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 2000

In order to studies proper conservation treatment condition of waterlogged archaeological wood excavated from wetland in Shinchang-dong, Kwangju, 2 kinds of wooden objects were treated with PEG(Poly-Ethylene Glycol), sucrose and lactitol and their size stability and relative humidity were analyzed and compared each other. The result showed that Quercus spp. had the highest size stability in 2 Step-PEG treatment using PEG#200(MW:200) and PEG#4000 (MW:3,350) and Acer spp. was the highest in treatment using only PEG#4000. In relative humidity test after treatment 2 Step-PEG treatment showed the lowest size stability. In the meantime, sucrose and lactitol-treated sample was fast for penetration, sucrose-treated sample showed a sharp increase for penetration in as high as 84% humidity condition and medicine flew out a lot and lactitol-treated sample got enlarged with fine cracking(splitting) in relative humidity test. In relative humidity test, the samples showed cracking(splitting) in all treatment materials except for 2 Step-PEG treatment. This study showed that waterlogged archaeological wood excavated from Shinchang-dong had the highest size stability and highest adaptation to humidity change in case of treatment with 2 Step-PEG.