• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.176-188
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• 2009

Purpose : Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the major form of dialysis in use for infants and children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to gain insight into the current status of children on PD in Korea. Methods : In May 2008, questionnaires were sent to the pediatric nephrologists via e-mail. Four centers replied and those data were reviewed. Results : A total of 103 patients were included in this study. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Mean age was $11.5{\pm}4.9$ years (0-19 years). Primary renal diseases diagnosed were as follows: primary glomerular disease (34%), chronic pyelonephritis-reflux nephropathy (14.6%), systemic disease (9.7%), renal hypoplasia/dysplasia (8.7%), heredofamilial disease (6.8%), vascular disease (3.9%), drug-induced nephropathy (1.0%), and unknown (12.6%). PD modalities were as follows: CAPD (42.7%), CCPD (27.2%), NIPD (11.7%), and Hybrid (18.4%). Weekly total Kt/V was $2.1{\pm}0.7$ (0.3-4.1). Results of peritoneal equilibrium test were as follows: low 36.8%, low average 31.6%, high average 19.7%, and high 11.8%. Z-score for weight was $-1.00{\pm}1.20$ (-4.54~+2.50). Z-score for height was $-1.55{\pm}1.65$ (-9.42~+1.87). Growth hormone was administered in 24.3% of patients. Anti-hypertensive drugs were administered in 64.0% of patients. Laboratory findings were as follows: hemoglobin $10.5{\pm}1.4$ g/dL, calcium $9.7{\pm}0.7$ mg/dL, phosphorus $5.4{\pm}1.4$ mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone $324.2{\pm}342.8$ pg/mL. Conclusion : Primary glomerular disease was the most common cause of ESRD. CAPD was the most prevalent PD modality. Low and low average peritoneal transport type were common. Growth disturbance were noted in many patients. Some patients had hypertension even with anti- hypertensive drugs. Calcium-phosphorus levels were maintained adequately, but many patients had secondary hyperparathyroidism.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1993

Liquid Chromatographic behavior of Pd(II) in Isonitosoethylacetoacetate imine IEAA-NR: R=H, CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, n-C4H9, C6H5-CH2) Chelates were investigated by reversed phase high performance 1iquid chromatography on Micropak MCH-5 Column using Methanol /water as mobile phase. The optimum condition for the separation of Pd-Isonitrosoethylacetoacetate imine chelates were examined with respect to the flow rate, mobile phase strength. It was found that Pd(IEAA-NR)2 chelates were eluted in an acceptable range of the capacity factor value (0 $\leq$ log k' $\leq$ 1), The dependence of the logarithm of capacity factor(k') on the volume fraction of water in mixture with in the binary mobile phase was examined. Also, the dependence of k'on the liquid-liquid extraction distribution constant in methanol-water / n-alkane extraction system was on system was invert tigated for Pd(IEAA-NR)2. Both kinds of dependence are linear, which suggests that the retention of the electroneutral metal chelates be largely due to the solvophobic effect.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1127-1130
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• 2013

Formation of the monodisperse submicrospheres consisting of ionic palladium(II) complexes, $[(Me_4en)Pd(L)]_2(X)_4$($Me_4en$ = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine; L = bis(4-(4-pyridylcarboxyl)phenyl)methane; $X^-=BF_4{^-}$ and $ClO_4{^-}$), has been carried out without any templates or additives. The submicrospheres were coated with silicates, and then calcined in air at $550^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, to efficiently form hollow-spherical $SiO_2$ submicro-reactors dotted with palladium(0) nanoparticles (PdNPs). That is, the submicrospheres act as both a template and a source of the palladium metal nanoparticles. The submicro-reactors containing nano-catalysts have been characterized by means of SEM, TEM, and XPS. Notably, the reactors were proved to be very effective for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and hydrogenation reactions.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1988

Synthesis and biological activity test are described for the (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1) and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(2), the sex pheromone of the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana. 8-Bromoctan-l-ol THP ether was prepared from 8-bromoctan-l-ol. The lithium anion of 1-hexyne was alkylated with 8-bromoctan-l-ol THP ether gave 9-tetradecyn-l-ol THP ether. Catalytic hydrogenation over Pd/BaSO4 followed by deprotection afforded (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol. Acetylation gave (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(1). l0-Bromodecan-l-ol THP ether was obtained from l0-bromodecan-l-ol. In liquid ammonia with THF and HMPA as cosolvents, sodium acetylide could be alkylated with 10-bromodecan-l-ol THP ether to give 11-dodecyn-l-ol THP ether. 11-Dodecyn-l-ol THP ether was then treated with n-BuLi in THF to give the lithium acetylide, which was alkylated with bromoethane to afford 11-tetradecyn-l-ol THP ether. Catalytic hydrogenation, deprotection, and acetylative gave (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate(2). The synthetic pheromone thus obtained was attractive to the males of the summer fruit tortrix in the field.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 1993

The effects of light and $CO_2$ on the electrophysiological characteristics of guard cells in the intact leaf and in the detached epidermis have been investigated. Guard cells in intact leaves showed the membrane hyperpolarization in response to light. The biggest induced change of the membrane potential difference (PD) in the guard cells of the intact leaf was 13 m V by light and 42 mV by $CO_2$ in Commelina communis. Similar results were obtained with Tradescantia virginiana. However, there were no changes of membrane PD in detached epidermis. In order to determine the influence of the mesophyll on the changes of membrane PD, infiltration of the mesophyll cells with photosynthetic inhibitors was performed. In CCCP infiltrated leaf discs the guard cell membrane was depolarized slightly by red-light and hyperpolarized by $CO_2$, but in leaf discs infiltrated with DCCD and DCMU the guard cell membrane was hyperpolrized by both red-light and $CO_2$ as the control leaf discs. In azide infiltrated leaf discs the guard cell membrane showed no response to light and there was a much reduced membrane hyperpolarization by $CO_2$ compared to other responses. It was likely that azide caused leaf damage and the activity of cell metabolism was decreased greatly, resulting in small membrane PD changes by $CO_2$ and no changes by redlight. Therefore, it can be suggested that red light was sensed by the mesophyll and the light induced guard cell membrane hyperpolarization was related to energy produced by cyclic-photophosphorylation, but ${CO_2}-induced$ guard cell membrane hyperpolarization was not related to photosynthesis. Alkalisation of the vacuole was observed when the intact leaf was exposed to $CO_2$, indicating that membrane hyperpolarization was mainly the result of proton efflux.efflux.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.334-347
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• 2008

Background and Objective : Haeyeol-tang, composed of Houttuyniae Herba, Lonicerae Flos, Taraxaci Herba, and Scrophulariae Radix, is widely used for alleviating the symptom of various kinds of inflammatory pulmonary disease, including asthma and COPD. We want to know whether Haeyeol-tang has an anti-inflammatory effect by analyzing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Materials and Methods : We differentiated the THP-1 cells into macrophage-like cells by treatment with PMA. Inflammation was induced by treatment with LPS and PMA. We found the safe concentration of Haeyeol-tang by using MTS assay and used PD98059 as a negative control for comparison of anti-inflammatory effect of Haeyeol-tang. Results : The RT-PCR analysis results show that the cell survival rate is over 100% within 1 ng/mL to 1 ug/mL of Haeyeol-tang and begins to decrease under 100% at 10 ug/mL. The gene expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $TGF-{\beta}$ levels were down-regulated when Haeyeol-tang was treated at concentrations between 1 ng/mL an 1 ug/mL on monocyte-derived macrophages. Interestingly, 1 ug/mL Haeyeol-tang-treated samples showed that the transcriptional activities of IL-8, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-10 and $TGF-{\beta}$ were more down-regulated than those of PD098059 $(TNF-{\alpha}$ inhibitor). At protein level, the ELISA analysis results showed that there were more remarkable (p<0.001) decreases in expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ on both the 1 ug/mL Haeyeol-tang-treated group and the PD98059-treated group than the LPS-treated group. Conclusion : We conclude that Haeyeol-tang has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at mRNA and protein levels. These results may provide us a promising way to care for general inflammatory diseases as well as inflammatory pulmonary disease, including asthma and COPD, with further clinical study.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 1999

Catalytic combustion type gas sensors were fabricated by using noble metal(Pt and Pd) added ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ powder with specific surface area of $200\;m^2/g$. The fabricated sensor showed power consumption of 500 mW at the operating voltage of 1.75 V and high sensitivity of about 120 mV for butane, methane, or propane 100%LEL, respectively. The sensor properties also showed good linearity to hydrocarbon gas concentration variation, reproductivity and stability for relative humidity variation. And it showed high stability in butane ambient for 100 days.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.379-383
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• 2013

Portulaca oleracea L. is known to have many biological benefits such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-tumor. The objective of this study is to explore the neuroprotective effect of P. oleracea L. against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. P. oleracea L. 70% ethanol extract and solvent fractions have the potent neroprotective effects on glutamate-induced nerotoxicity by induced the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in HT22 cells. Especially, ethyl acetate fraction showed higher protective effect. In HT22 cell, P. oleracea L. treatment with ERK inhibitor (PD98059) and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125) reduced P. oleracea L. ethyl acetate fraction induced HO-1 expression and P. oleracea L. ethyl acetate fraction also increased ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that treatment of P. oleracea L. caused the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of 70% ethanol extract of P. oleracea L. significantly protect glutamate-induced oxidative damage by induction of HO-1 via Nrf2, ERK and JNK pathway in mouse hippocampal HT22. Taken together these finding suggest that P. oleracea L. ethyl acetate fraction is good source for taking active compounds and may be a potential therapeutic agent for brain disorder that induced by oxidative stress and neuronal damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2001

The influence of cultivation condition and harvest time on the storage stability of the fresh ginseng (50g) individually packaged in a soft film bag (ONY/LDPE/L-LDPE; 200$\times$300 mm, 90㎛) was investigated. When the fresh ginsengs were divided into four groups of direct-planted ginseng on the paddy soil(PD), transplanted ginseng on the upland(UT) and each group was stored at 25$\^{C}$ for 40 days, the quality deterioration rate was the highest in PD group while PT, UD and UT groups exhibited similar quality patterns from each other. When each group was stored at 10$\^{C}$, the quality deterioration rate was also the highest in PD group and the other three groups exhibited similar quality patterns from each other till 90 days passed after storage. However, the quality deterioration rate of UT group was 54% which was higher than UD group or PT group 180 days after storage. When the fresh ginseng harvested between September of 1997 and October of 1998 was individually packaged with the soft film and stored at 25$\^{C}$ for 12 days, the quality deterioration rate was the lowest in the group harvested in October while relatively high in the groups harvested between July and September.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2021

Laundry industry has traditionally been considered an industry that generates large amounts of wastewater and Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs). This is still the case until now. Household laundry detergents are produced and distributed within the safety regulations on the amount of harmful substances detected. While industrial laundry detergents are often distributed without safety regulations, and even laundry workers manufacture and use them on their own. This contaminates water and air and also threatens the safety of workers. This study is a basic study for distributing eco-friendly detergents(EFD-A) developed through previous studies to the laundry industry. Safety, washability and wastewater quality of EFD-A are evaluated. Three existing commercial detergents(PD1, PD2, LD4) are also evaluated to compare with EFD-A. The safety of detergents is confirmed by the content of optical brightener, VOCs, and arsenic. Washability is evaluated by the difference in reflectance of washed and unwashed artificial soiled fabrics according to detergent concentration, washing temperature, and washing time. TOC is used as the index of assessing the wastewater quality. The results are as follows; EFD-A doesn't contain the optical brighteners, VOCs, and arsenic. The optimal washing conditions for EFD-A are 3 g/L concentration, 40 ℃ washing temperature, and 30 min washing time. The soil removal efficiency is about 71 %, which was similar to or somewhat superior to that of PD1, PD2, and LD4. TOC is 63.5 %, which is about 15 % lower than the discharge limit. Through this study, the developed detergent EFD-A can be used as a safe and eco-friendly detergent for the human body and the environment.