• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1995-1999
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• 2006

Pseudomonas sp. K82 cultured in p-hydroxybenzoate induces protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase (PCD 4,5) for p-hydroxybenzoate degradation. In this study, a 6.0-kbp EcoR1 fragment containing p-hydroxybenzoate degradation genes was cloned from the genome of Pseudomonas sp. K82. Sequence analysis identified four genes, namely, pcaD, pcaA, pcaB, and pcaC genes known to be involved in p-hydroxybenzoate degradation. Two putative 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases and one putative oxidoreductase were closely located by the p-hydroxybenzoate degradation genes. The gene arrangement and sequences of these p-hydroxybenzoate degradation genes were similar to those of Comamonas testosteroni and Pseudomonas ochraceae. PcaAB (PCD4,5) was overexpressed in the expression vector pGEX-4T-3, purified using a GST column, and confirmed to have protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase activity. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of overexpressed PCD4,5 were identical with those of purified PCD4,5 from Pseudomonas sp. K82.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.789-794
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• 2005

LDA는 데이타를 잘 구분하게 하는 변환을 제공하고, 얼굴 인식에서 우수한 성능를 보였다. 그러나, LDA는 전체 데이타에 대해 단 하나의 변환 행렬만을 주므로 사람 얼굴과 같은 많은 클래스로 구성되어 있는 복잡한 데이타를 구분하기에 충분하지 않다. 이런 약점을 극복하기 위해 우리는 LDA 혼합 모형이라는 새로운 얼굴 인식 방법을 제안한다. LDA 혼합 모형에서는 모든 클래스가 여러 개의 군집으로 분할되고 각 군집에 대해서 하나의 변환 행렬을 얻는다. 이렇게 더 세세히 표현하는 방법은 분류 성능을 크게 향상시킬 것이다 얼굴 인식 실험 결과, LDA 혼합 모형은 PCA, LDA, PCA 혼합 모형보다 더 우수한 분류 성능을 보여주었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2004

메톡시폴리에틸렌글리콜모노메타크릴레이트(MPEGMAA)와 메타크릴산(MAA)을 공중합시킨 폴리카복실레이트계 고유동화제(PCA)의 그라프트 사슬인 폴리에틸렌옥사이드(PEO)의 길이가 다를 경우, 보통포틀랜드시멘트(OPC)의 수화 반응에 미치는 영향을 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)과 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)를 이용하여 조사하였다. PCA의 그라프트 사슬의 길이에 따라 초기 재령에서 수화 반응에 미치는 영향은 달라지나, 장기 재령에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 또한 PCA가 첨가된 경우의 Ca(OH)$_2$의 상대 피크 강도의 비(I[001］/I［101］)는 OPC에 비해 감소하였다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.253-261
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the patient controlled analgesics (PCA) education program (including practicum) on post-op pain suffered by patients who have undergone gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Methods: The research was designed for a nonequivalent control group before and after the test design. The subjects of this study were 54 in all and were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The program consisted of a brochure for PCA use and a practicum with an actual PCA instrument. Data were collected with questionnaires and observations and were analyzed on the basis of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$ and t-test. Results: Complaints regarding pain by the experimental group were significantly less than those of the control group in both post-op 24-hour and post-op 48-hour reporting. The experimental group pressed the PCA button much less frequently than the control group in post-op 24 hours. However, there were no significant differences in side effects between the two groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, this PCA education program can be useful in the clinical nursing field and helpful for patients who use PCA.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

대화식 드라마는 사용자의 자유로운 선택과 참여가 요구되는 상호작용성을 가진 이야기를 말한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 대화식 드라마의 특성을 이용하여 훈련 데이터를 만들어 사용자의 선호도를 파악한다. 그 후 파악된 선호도 특성에 맞게 새로운 사용자들에게 스토리의 경로를 추천하는 시스템 구현 과정을 기술한다. 선호도 특성을 추출하기 위하여 Principal Component Analysis(이하 PCA)와 Non-negative Matrix Factorization(이하 NMF)를 사용하였다. PCA를 이용하여 추천한 결과 성공률은 75%, NMF을 이용하여 추천한 결과 성공률은 62.5%를 나타냈다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2004

본 논문에서는, 효율적인 화자 식별을 위하여 강인한 벡터 양자화 주성분 분석을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법은 화자 식별에서 특징벡터의 학습을 위한 고차원(high dimension) 문제와 이상치(Outlier)에 대한 문제를 해결 하기위하여 제안 되었다. 먼저, 제안된 방법은 M-추정을 이용하여 강인한 벡터 양자화(Vector Quantization : VQ) 에 의한 몇 개의 분리된 영역으로 데이터 공간을 나눈다. 분리된 자 영역에서 공분산 행렬로부터 강인한 주성분 분석(Principal Component Analysis)이 얻어지게 된다. 마지막으로 각 영역에서 강인한 PCA에 의하여 줄어든 차원을 갖는 변환된 특징 벡터로부터 화자의 가우시안 혼합 모델(Gaussian Mixture Model : GMM)을 구한다. 제안된 방법은 같은 성능하에서 대각 공분산 행렬을 갖는 전형적인 GMM방법과 비교할 때 더빠른 결과를 얻었으며, 데이터의 저장공간을 줄일 수 있었을 뿐 아니라, 이상치가 존재할 경우에 더욱 강인하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.3594-3607
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• 2017

The traditional feature extraction methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) cannot obtain the local structure of the samples, and locally linear embedding (LLE) cannot obtain the global structure of the samples. However, a common drawback of existing PCA and LLE algorithm is that they cannot deal well with the sparse problem of the samples. Therefore, by integrating the globality of PCA and the locality of LLE with a sparse constraint, we developed an improved and unsupervised difference algorithm called Sparse Difference Embedding (SDE), for dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional data in small sample size problems. Significantly differing from the existing PCA and LLE algorithms, SDE seeks to find a set of perfect projections that can not only impact the locality of intraclass and maximize the globality of interclass, but can also simultaneously use the Lasso regression to obtain a sparse transformation matrix. This characteristic makes SDE more intuitive and more powerful than PCA and LLE. At last, the proposed algorithm was estimated through experiments using the Yale and AR face image databases and the USPS handwriting digital databases. The experimental results show that SDE outperforms PCA LLE and UDP attributed to its sparse discriminating characteristics, which also indicates that the SDE is an effective method for face recognition.

• 센서학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2014

Sensor arrays based on chemical sensors produce multidimensional patterns of data that may be used discriminate between different chemicals. For the human observer, visualization of multidimensional data is difficult, since the eye and brain process visual information in two or three dimensions. To devise a simple means of data inspection from the response of sensor arrays, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) or Sammon's nonlinear mapping technique can be applied. The PCA, which is a well-known statistical method and widely used in data analysis, has disadvantages including data distortion and the axes for plotting the dimensionally reduced data have no physical meaning in terms of how different one cluster is from another. In this paper, we have investigated two techniques and proposed a combination technique of PCA and nonlinear Sammom mapping for visualization of multidimensional patterns to two dimensions using data sets from odor sensing system. We conclude the combination technique has shown more advantages comparing with the PCA and Sammon nonlinear technique individually.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 1998

Postoperative pain following tonsillectomy remains a significant obstacle to speedy recovery and smooth convalescence. Inadequate analgesia causes poor oral intake and influences the length of hospital stay and ability to return to normal activity. Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) is a method of analgesia adminstration that consists of a computer driven pump with a button that the patient may press to adminster a small dose of analgesic drug. The aim of this study was to examine whether Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia (IV-PCA) can reduce postoperative pain after tonsillectomy. The 100 patients undergoing tonsillectomy with general anesthesia were divided into two groups. The PCA group patients (n=80) received a mixture of nalbuphine and ketorolac by Walkmed PCA infusor during first 48 postoperative hours. In control group (n=20), the patients received oral acetoaminophen (Tyrenol) regularly and tiaprofenic acid (Surgam) intramuscularly on a p.r.n basis. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated with visual linear analogue scale (VAS) and the adverse effects were evaluated with 4 point scale. The patients of PCA group had less pain than those of control group. The adverse effects in the PCA group were nausea and vomiting. This study suggests that IV-PCA may be safe and effective method of pain control after adult tonsillectomy and is better accepted than oral or intramuscular pain medications.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.382-387
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• 1999

The concept of PCA(Patient Controlled Analgesia) was first described in 1968, by Sechzer. The earliest descriptions of actual self-administered PCA machines were by Forrest et al. In gastric bypass surgery, cesarian section, orthopedic surgery etc, PCA is widely used in the control of postoperative pain. Previous Studies have shown that PCA provides effective pain-control for the postoperative patient. The postoperative pain-control is a problem that should be solved in surgery. Especially in orthognathic surgery, it is not same as in the case of maxillofacial trauma surgery or of tumor surgery: most orthognathic surgery patients are under operation not accustomed to pains, and difficulties in pain-complaint due to IMF(Intermaxillary fixation), postoperative nausea, and vomiting are additional problem. In this study, we have compared PCA and IM analgesics with respect not only to time request but also to the quality of postoperative pain control.