• The monthly packaging world
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• s.248
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• pp.94-104
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• 2013

한국브랜드디자인학회는 학문적, 사회적 발전을 위한 연구, 학술 단체로서 국가와 기업의 효과적 브랜드 구축을 위한 연구와 학술발표 및 사회현장에서의 브랜드 및 브랜드디자인의 실질적 사례발굴과 현황을 조사하고 있다. 본 연구는 한국브랜드디자인학회 제27호에 게제된 내용이다. 연구 목적은 온 오프라인을 막론하고 많은 유통업체에서 적극적으로 개발하고 있는 PB브랜드, 상품, 패키지의 변화의 필요성을 강조하기 위한 것이다. 본 연구의 범위는 대형 마트, 대형 마트의 전체 매출의 75%를 차지하고 3대 대형 마트의 그로서리(Grocery) 제품을 중심으로 선행 연구, 자료 등을 연구 분석하고 PB브랜드 패키지 디자인의 발전 방향을 제언하고 결론에 도달하였다. 연구를 통해 PB가 변화하고 있는 유통환경, 소비환경, 소비자의 의식에서 대응하고 PB의 순기능을 지속하기 위해서는 브랜드 제품 패키지 디자인의 큰 변화의 요구되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. PB가 가격 할인이라는 경쟁력만으로 강력한 NB들과 자사의 한정된 유통공간에서 경쟁하기에는 많은 한계를 가지고 있음을 인식해야 할 필요가 있다. PB가 가지고 있는 한계는 대부분 관여도가 낮은 Me-too 제품으로 저렴한 가격을 유지해야 하며 적극적인 프로모션 활동에 제한이 있다는 것이다. 대부분의 PB브랜드는 다양한 상품군을 제품의 속성, 가격 등을 중심으로 한 네이밍과 레터마트로 디자인되어 있으며 NB브랜드에 비해 전략적인 부분에서 많은 차이가 있었다. PB는 프리미엄 브랜드로의 필연적으로 확장되어야 하는데 반해 브랜드 전략에 한계가 있음도 확인하여 PB브랜드와 패키지 디자인은 전략적이고, 차별화된 메시지와 정보, 확장성을 고려한 디자인과 특정한 방법으로 제한된 디자인에 대한 연구의 필요성을 제언하였다. 본 연구의 선행 연구 자료를 통한 연구와 주관적인 제언이라는 한계를 극복하기 위한 후속 연구가 필요하다.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.85-111
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• 2012

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceptual characteristics of consumers and intent of relational continuance for PB(Private Brand) products in discount stores. This study was conducted as an empirical study based on survey. For the empirical study, factors of PB products as characteristics perceived by consumers such as perceived quality, store image, brand image and perceived value were deduced from preceding studies. The effect of such factors on intent of relational continuance mediated by brand trust and brand equity of PB products was structurally examined. Research Model : Based on theory analysis and hypotheses, constructed a Structural Equation Model(SEM). The research model is shown in Figure 1. Research Method : This paper is based on s qualitative study of selected literature and empirical data. The survey for empirical study was carried out on consumers in Gyeonggi and Busan between January 2012 and May 2012. 300 surveys were distributed and 253 (84.3%) of them were returned. After excluding omissions and insincere responses, 245 surveys (81.6%) were used for final analysis as effective samples. Result : First of all, the Reliability was carried out for instrument used. The lower limit of 0.7 for Cronbach's Alpha as suggested by Hair et al. (1998). And Construct validity was established by carrying out exploratory factor analysis by Varimax rotation for all. Four factor result for the consumer's perceptual characteristics of PB Products, two mediating factors and one dependent factor. All constructs included in research framework have acceptable validity and reliability. Table 1 shows the factor loading, eigen value, explained variance and Cronbach's alpha for each factor. In order to assure validity of constructs, I implemented Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), using AMOS 20.0. In confirmatory factor analysis, researcher can take control over the specification of indicators for each factor by hypothesizing that a specific factor is loaded with the relevant indicators. Moreover, CFA is particularly useful in the validation of scale for the measurement of specific construct. CFA result summarized Table 2 shows that the fit measures of all constructs fulfill the recommended level and loadings are significant. To test causal relationship between constructs in the research model, used AMOS 20.0 that provides a graphic module as method for analysing Structural Equation Modeling. The result of hypothesis test is shown in Table 3. As a result of empirical study, perceived quality, brand image and perceived value as selected attributes for PB products showed significantly positive (+) effect on brand trust and brand equity. Furthermore, brand trust and brand equity showed significantly positive (+) effect on intent of relational continuance. However, store image of discount stores selling the PB products was analyzed to have positive (+) effect on brand trust and no significant effect on brand equity. Discussion : Based on the results of this study, the relationship between overall quality, store image, brand image and value perceived by consumers about PB products and intent of relational continuance was structurally verified as being mediated by brand trust and brand equity. Looking at the results, a strategic approach that maximizes brand trust and equity value for PB products by large discount stores is required on top of basic efforts to improve quality, brand image and value of PB products in order to maximize consumer's intent of relational continuance and to continuously attract repeated purchase of products.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.47-70
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to find out characteristic of a product which has the most influence when consumer makes a purchase, and analyze if actual consumers make a purchase with recognition of the brand difference between PB and NB brands using conjoint analysis. As a result, the main factor which consumers consider when they purchase a product is the quality but the factor for brands (NB or PB) do not have an effect on their purchasing. The reason why consumers little consider a factor for PB or NB is that they do not have much knowledge of PB and they recognize the PB as a "me-too" product of NB. Therefore, retailers should develop more differentiated product in order to be recognized by consumers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.467-485
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• 2015

The market share of private brand(PB) is growing at a rapid pace. Based on the previous studies, consumers pay more attention to the extrinsic cues when they buy the PB products. This paper proposes an integrated model to examine how the retailer credibility which is one of the important extrinsic cues affects perceived quality variation, value consciousness, attitude to PB, and PB product purchase intention. Also, familiarity with PB is regarded as a moderating variable that can interact with retailer credibility. An analysis of 199 useable questionnaires found that retailer credibility has a significant impact on the attitude to PB, directly and indirectly. Further, the moderating effect of familiarity with PB was significant. For this, we interpret that when consumers are more familiar with the private brand, they tend to have few bias toward the quality of PB. These findings provide several effective strategies for the development of PB, such that retailers must improve consumer's familiarity with PB via various promotions like free samples or testing events. Academic and practical implications of the study findings and future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.459-471
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• 2010

This study examines the exposure effects of the brand of fashion manufacturers on the brand attitude of consumers towards the private brand of fashion retailers. In addition, it investigates the exposure effects of the brand of fashion manufacturers on the brand attitude of consumers towards the private brand of fashion retailers based on the sensitivity of consumers as related to the brand. Data are analyzed by a reliability analysis, a factor analysis, the correlation analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The main results are summarized as follows. First, when the private brand of fashion retailers (Perry Jensen) was shown to customers, three groups ('PB without exposing the brands of fashion manufactures', 'PB with exposing Galaxy', and 'PB with exposing Parkland') revealed statistically significant differences in consumer purchase intentions as well as brand preferences to the PB products of fashion retailers. The group of 'PB with exposing high-sensitive Galaxy group' showed an overall higher brand attitude than the other two groups-'PB without exposing the fashion manufactures' brands' and 'PB with exposing low-sensitive Parkland'. Second, in comparison with the effects of the brand sensitivity of each group, the group with the higher brand sensitivity showed statistically significant browsing intension as well as purchase intention on both brands of fashion manufactures (Galaxy and Parkland).

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-115
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• 2014

The current study aimed to explore the levels of consumers' perception for the PB apples which mainly sold in the large retailers, and then suggest the efficient marketing strategies for activating sales of the PB apples among the farm produce. The findings of the study revealed that the levels of the consumers' perception of value for the PB apples were influential on the brand credibility. In addition, the levels of the quality, perception of value, and brand credibility significantly affected the purchase intention. The image of the brand, however, did not show the effects on the brand credibility and purchase intention. Based on the study, in order to activate the brand for the local farm produce, the analysis results could suggest the four alternatives. Firstly, it is needed for the NB apples to be standardized and improved in terms of the qualities. Secondly, the more efficient ways to facilitate the purchases for the NB apples should be reconsidered in the emotional package. Thirdly, the levels of customers' perceptions for NB apples need to increase by providing them with convenient ways of purchases. Lastly, connecting consumers' groups with producers' groups could eventually enhance the brand credibility.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1806-1814
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• 2015

The strategy of distributors using a PB(Private Brand) inferior to existing PB to increase choice probability of PB arouses difficulty in terms of cost. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify incentive and compromise effects of PB using two realistic experimental methods. Looking at the verification results, incentive and compromise effects occurred to show increase in choice probability of PB when a new GB(Generic Brand) was added to NB(National Brand) and PB of a manufacturer. In specific during experiment 1, choice probability of PB, the target, was changed when decoy brand was introduced even if there is a large difference in preference and choice probability of the competitor and target due to characteristics of NB and PB. In experiment 2, incentive effect appeared when PB of competitor was positioned as an inferior alternative to increase choice probability of the company's PB. Strategic implications on the study results, limits of this study, and future directivity were proposed.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.113-128
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• 2012

The growth of market share of distributors' brands, also known as private brand, has accelerated in recent years. Sales volumes and market shares of private brands, as well as their appeal to consumers have steadily increased. Carrying private brands comes with numerous advantages, one of which is the relatively high gross margin, which can be 20 - 30% higher compared to manufacturer brands. Recently, many big discount stores are expanding private brand for higher sales volume. Thus, private brands play an important strategic role for retailers. The tendency of growing private brand will decrease sales revenue of both channel members, distributer and manufacturer. The disadvantage for manufacturer is obvious, especially for the manufactures who not only produce their own brands but also retailer brands competing against their own. There are also possible to weaken the brand awareness of manufacturer's brand. The purpose of this study is to explore the perception gap between retailers and manufacturers. we investigated to identify how consumers perceive private brand. In other to study the impact of private brands on distributors, we surveyed the actual condition of private brand and perception towards private brands among consumers, retailers and manufacturers. Based these analysis, we recommended proposal for private brand policies as follows: First, it need to correct imbalance between large retailer and manufacturer. second, we suggest "win-win growth policy", Third, by registering trademark right of national brand, manufacturers have a way of protecting their brands. Forth, manufacturers are encouraged to produce PNB(Private National Brand).

• Distribution Business Review
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• no.3
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• pp.55-67
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 할인점 자체 브랜드(PB) 구매에 영향을 미치는 소비자 관련 요인에 관한 모델을 제시하고 이를 테스트해보았다. 그 결과 식품과 가전 모두 PB에 대한선호도가 높을수록 구매의도가 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 구매의도의 경우 식품과 비식품이 다른 경로를 보이고 있었다. 식품 PB의 경우 소비자의"가격의식"과"혁신성"이 구매의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 반면 가전 PB의 경우"가치의식"과"품질격차"가 구매의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 연구결과는 식품과 비식품의 유통업체 PB 마케팅이 각각 차별화 되어 접근되어져야 한다는 시사점을 말해준다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.629-637
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• 2016

This study examined the purchasing behavior and satisfaction of people with convenience store PB foods. The factors affecting the purchasing behavior and the overall satisfaction with the convenience store PB foods were examined. This study first found that the purchasing motivation of PB foods is the cheaper price than NB foods. Second, age is a statistically effective variable for the visit frequency at the convenience store and gender and age are effective variables for the purchase frequency of PB foods. Third, there is a statistically positive correlation of convenience store brand preference with the PB food brand preference for 6 food categories. Next, in terms of the attribute-level satisfaction, the most satisfied areas are diverse food groups and diverse food taste and the least satisfied areas is price. This is followed by taste and design/packaging influence overall satisfaction. From this analysis, the following suggestions were drawn. First, because consumers are likely to be matched convenience store brand preference and PB food brand preference, advertising is necessary to ensure that the consumers continue to visit the convenience store. Second, product improvement by increasing the quality should be designed to motivate the major consumer group of people in their 20s and 30s. Finally, to boost PB food satisfaction, the industry should improve the taste and design/packaging.