• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1063-1072
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• 2013

To overcome the ecosystem-crisis of resource depletion and climate change, we should maintain and develop a 'Sustainability' of our society. 'After-market' is defined like this : any market where customers who buy one product or service are likely to buy a related follow-on product. This is related to a automotive, electric and electronic, and remanufacturing industry. 'After-market' will be helpful for reuse and recycling of resources aspects, cost and economic efficiency, low-carbon, climate protection, and new industries and job creation effects, To promote 'After-Market', we need to guarantee the quality of products. In this regard, we refer and introduce a new standard, for example, BS8887, PAS141 and ISO20245 etc. In order to promote 'After-Market', first of all, product quality assurance and safety must be demonstrated in the process of reuse. Second, many aspects of a device that protects the rights of consumers to be provided. And third, the related laws and standards should be reviewed. Finally, original manufacturer's awareness for environmental protection and resource conservation and government's institutional support are needed.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 1998년도 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.138-141
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• 1998

To evaluate the color change of the opaque resin materials, a measuring system including PAS(photodegradation acceleration system) was constructed. Xenon lamp is used as a light source in the PAS, and the radiant energy from the lamp is irradiated to the samples through serveral high-pass filters with cut-off wavelength in UV and visible region. The color difference of the samples were measured by using the measuring system with a spectrophotometer(CM-2002) and a computer. The result showed that the opaque resin materials changed severely in their color in the wavelength of UV region and changed a little in the wavelength of visible region.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the toxic effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from symphytum officinale i n rat. For this experiment, 120 male and female rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The experimental groups were divided into five: Group CM and CF served as normal control with its gender. Group EM1 and EF1 were fed a 1% Symphytum officinal extract diet for 8 weeks. Group EM2 and EF2 fed a diet containing 2% extract diet. 4% extract diet into group EM3 and EF3 and 8% extract diet into group EM4 and EF4 were given. The results were as follows: 1. The major alkaloids of Symphytum officinale extract were symphytine, echmidine, and lasiocarpine. The amounts of total alkaloid were 168 $\mu\textrm{g}$ PAs/$m\ell$ extract. And contents of Pas in leaves were 0.05% wt.. 2. Total serum bilirubin concentrations increased significantly in group EM2, EM3, and EM4. Group EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p<0.05). 3. Aspartate transaminase activities were increased significantly in group EM3 and EM4 (p<0.05). Aspartate transaminase activities of EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p<0.05). 4. Alanine transaminase activities increased significantly in group EM3, EM4 (p<0.05). Alanine transaminase activities of EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p<0.05). 5. Alkaline phosphatase activities increased significantly in group EM2, EM3, and EM4 (p<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activities of EF1, FE@, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical sigmificance for the group CF (p<0.05). 6. istopathological analysis of liver specimens from group EM3 and EM4 showed focal necrosis, periportal necrosis and apoptpsis. Hepatocytes obtained from group EM2 showed fatty change and hydropic degeneration in group EM3 and EM4. Chromatolysis and chromatin margination was shown in group EF2 and EF3. With the above results, it was demonstrated that the Symphytum officinal extract could induce functional change of liver, and histopathological change of liver in rats fed a diet containing extract. In conclusion, because of the risk of intoxication or adverse effect, the composition, dosage and mode of administration of herbal products should be monitored strictly. And this study serves as a reminder that herbal as well as orthodox medications may have serious side effects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.831-837
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• 1995

연구목적: 폐결핵 치료에서 약재내성은 큰 문제가 된다. 특히 다제 약제 내성은 환자 자신 뿐만 아니라 예방의학적 측면에서도 큰 문제가 되고 있다. 3차 의료기관에 오는 폐결핵 환자들에서 약제 내성의 발현 정도, 양상 및 관계되는 요인 등을 조사하여 내원 환자들의 향후 치료에 도움이 되는 지표를 알아 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1986년 부터 1994년 사이 고신의료원 내과를 방문하여 폐결핵으로 진단되어 약제내성 검사를 한 141명의 환자를 대상으로 약제 내성률과 과거 치료 병력, 흉부 X-선 사진상 폐의 침범 정도와 공동의 유무 등의 관계를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 성적: 141 명중 59명(41.8%)에서 한 가지 약제 이상에 내성야 있었고 INH와 RIF에 동시 내성이 있는 경우는 139명중 29명(20.9%)였다. 과거에 결핵 치료를 63명중 40명(63.5%)에서 약제 내성이 있었고 24명(38.1%)에서 다제 약제 내성이 있었다. 과거 결핵치료 병력이 없는 78명중 19명(24.4%)에서 약제내성이 있었고 5명(6.5%)에서는 다제 약제 내성이 있었다. 약제별로는 INH내성이 39.0%로 가장 높았고 RIF(21.6%), EMB(16.3%), PAS(10.8%), SM(8.7%), PZA(8.0%) 순이었다. INH, RIF 및 PZA에 대한 내성은 과거 치료 병력이 있는 경우에서 높았고(odds ratio 각각 3.3, 7.2 및 10.8), 흉부 X-선 사진상 침범부위가 RIF 및 SM에 대한 내성률이 유의하게 높았다(odds ratio 각각 2.9, 2.8). 결론: 높은 약제 내성률로 보아 약제 감수성검사는 모든 환자들에게 시행해야 하겠으며, 그 결과가 나오기 전까지는 4가지 이상의 약제를 사용하는 것이 안전할 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 특히 과거에 치료한 병력이 있거나 진행된 폐결핵 환자의 경우는 철저한 임상적 및 세균학적인 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of cumulus cells and porcine follicular fluid (pFF) on plasminogen activator (PA) activity and oocytes maturation in vitro in the pig. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and denuded oocytes (DOs) were incubated in NCSU-23 medium with or without 10% pFF for 0, 24, or 48 hr. In the presence of cumulus cells, the proportions of oocytes matured to metaphase-II stage were significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium with pFF than without pFF (69.8 vs. 37.7%, respectively). When COCs and DOs were cultured in the presence of pFF, tissue-type PA (tPA), urokinase-type PA (uPA), and tPA-PA inhibitor (tPA-PAI) were observed in COCs, and PA activities were higher at 48 hr than 24 hr. When COCs and DOs were cultured in the absence of pFF, tPA and tPA-PAI were observed in COCs, and PA activities were increased as duration of culture increased. No PA activities were detected in DOs regardless of pFF supplementation. When porcine oocytes were cultured in the presence of pFF for 24 and 48 hrs, the activities of tPA-PAI, tPA, and uPA were observed in both COCs and DOs. In medium of absence of pFF, PA activities were observed in oocytes with cumulus cells only. On the other hand, three plasminogen-dependent lytic bands (tPA-PAI, tPA, and uPA) were observed in pFF cultures. Particularly uPA activity was higher than the other kinds of PA activity. When oocytes and cumulus cells were separated from porcine COCs at 0 hr of culture, tPA-PAI, tPA, and uPA were detected in cumulus cells at 48 hr of culture, but no PA activities were in DOs. The presence of pFF and cumulus cells in maturation medium stimulated not only nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in porcine COCs, but also PA production by cumulus cells and COCs. It is possible that PAs produced by cumulus cells migrated through the gap junction between oocyte and cumulus cells. These results suggest that porcine oocytes have no ability to produce PA themselves.