• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1433-1442
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• 2005

Purpose. The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the differences in suicidal ideation and psychological variables by gender, 2) compare the contribution of demographic-behavioral variables and psychosocial variables in explaining the variance in suicidal ideation, and 3) identify the most important predictors of suicidal ideation for male adolescents and female adolescents. Methods. The subjects consisted of 271 male adolescents and 230 female adolescents. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, which were constructed to include SSI-C, DEP subscale of the SCL-90-R, PACI, and SWLS. The data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN program. Results. Suicidal ideation differed by gender. Depression and family communication differed by gender. The unique contribution of demographic-behavioral variables and psychosocial variables in explaining the variance in suicidal ideation differed between male adolescents and female adolescents. The significant predictors of suicidal ideation for male adolescents were life satisfaction, depression, and family communication, explaining $28\%$ of the variance in suicidal ideation. The significant predictors of suicidal ideation for female adolescents were depression, smoking, and life satisfaction, explaining $38\%$ of the variance in suicidal ideation. Conclusion. The findings of this study suggest that the approach to effective suicide prevention program for adolescents should consider gender differences.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1183-1189
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• 2005

Objectives : This descriptive study was conducted to examine the degree of stress, coping styles, communication with the mother and depression between headache-suffering children and headache-free children and to explore predicted factors for headache occurrence in children. Method : The subjects of this study consisted of 196 headache-free children and 107 headache-suffering children. They were 4th-6th graders of an elementary school in T city. The instruments in this study were David's stressor of children, Lazarus & Folkman's Stress Coping Style, PACI(Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory) by Barnes & Olsen and Kovac's CDI (Children's depression inventory). Data were collected from May 2 to July 16, 2004. Results : Total stress(t=-3.76, p=.035), school stress(t=-3.02, p=.001), mass media stress(t=-1.39, p=.029) and depression(t=7.62, p=.001) in headache-suffering children were significantly higher than those of headache-free children. Problem-oriented coping skills (t=1.23, p=.023), and the score of communication with the mother(t=2.32, p=.012) in headache-suffering children were lower than those of headache-free children. Logistic regression analysis (stepwise) showed that the most powerful predictor was stressors in school, followed by depression, stressors in mass media and communication with the mother. Conclusions: This study revealed that important factors such as the degree of school stress, depression, the degree of mass media stress, communication with the mother and problem-oriented coping skills should be controlled for reducing of headaches in children.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.105-120
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• 1994

The purposes of this research are to find out general trends of mother-adolescent communication and family stress to estimate the differences of communication patterns and family stress according to sociodemographic and communication variables and to analyze communication variables influencing on family stress. The samples were selected from high school students and their mothers and 342 couples were used in final analysis. Barnes & Olson(1982)'s parent-adolescent communication scale(PACI) and McCubbin(1981)'s family stress scale(FILE) were used to measure mother-adolescent communication pattern and family stress. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, Chi-square, F-test Duncan-test, multiple regression, Pearson's r, and Chronbach's α. The result are summerized as follows: 1) Mothers highly perceived mother-adolescent open communication pattern but adolescents highly revealed mother-adolescent close communication pattern. The general trends of family stress showed that adolescents stress is higher than mothers. 2) Communication patterns showed significant differences in mother's age, adolescent's sex and communication variables in mother's education and conversation variables. Generally when mothers and adolescents communicated insufficiently and were not satisfied with communication patterns family stress was increased. 3) Family stress was significantly different in communication patterns. Form the regression analysis it was found that communication patterns are crucial to family stress. Especially open communication pattern between mothers and adolescents was the most important among the communication patterns for family stress was reduced.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2008

All over the world, the existing process of water purification needs more flocculants and chlorine due to a gradual decline in the quality of source water. Therefore, the problem of the remaining aluminium and DBPs in purified water is on the rise. To solve this problem, the process of membrane filter has recently come into the spotight. This study reaches the following conclusions concerning TMP variation in order to solve the dropping of flux throgh a membrane filter when operating a membrane filter system in the process of water purification. 1. In case that a cohesion-precipitation process was introduced to pre-treatment of a membrane filter, initial TMP was very satisfactory(0.27kg/cm) in producing the constantly safe quality of water, $0.04{\sim}0.1$(mean 0.05) NTU by pouring 2mg/l of PACI(10% $Al_2O_3$) used for the existing process of water purification in high-density turbidity at a dry or flood season and at occurrence of high algae. 2. As flux increased at 0.5m/day.m, TMP increased 0.05 kgf/cm. 3. As filtering, operation mode of PVDF MF membrane filtering was 48 minutes and 1 cycle of back washing was 42 minutes, flux was increased 1.5m/day.m and TMP increased $0.25{\sim}0.27kgf/cm$. Without back washing, TMP increased 0.03 kgf/cm per a cycle.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.495-502
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• 2013

본 연구는 UF공정의 전처리로써 Al(III)계 응집제인 alum과 PACl을 사용한 응집공정 적용 시 두 응집제의 효율 비교 및 잔류 알루미늄 농도를 고려한 최적 운전 조건을 알아보기 위해 응집제 주입농도, 완속교반의 적용 그리고 해수 원수의 pH를 변화하여 UF막 flux 및 잔류 알루미늄 이온 농도를 조사했다. 그 결과 pH 8.0 조건에서 alum의 주입농도가 증가할수록 flux 또한 증가하였으며 완속교반은 UF막 flux를 오히려 감소시킨 것으로 조사된 반면 PACl의 경우 주입농도가 증가할수록 flux는 일부 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 alum과는 반대로 완속교반 적용시 flux 또한 증가하였다. 반면에 pH 6.5 조건에서 alum 주입량이 0.7 mg/L (as Al)일 때 UF막 flux의 효율이 가장 좋았고 잔류 알루미늄 농도는 0.05 mg/L (as Al) 이하로 측정되었다. PACl의 경우 UF막 flux 측면에서는 최적 조건은 pH 8.0, 주입농도 1.2 mg/L (as Al) 그리고 완속교반 시간을 적용하였을 때였으며 잔류 알루미늄 농도를 고려한 최적 주입조건은 pH 6.5 조건에서 주입농도를 1.2 mg/L (as Al)일 때로 조사되었다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.415-420
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• 2001

Water usage in the semiconductor industries is dramatically increased by not only using bigger wafer from 8 inches to 12 inches but also by adapting new process such as Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) process invented by IBM in late '80. However, The document published by International Semiconductor Association suggests the decreasing ultra pure water (UPW) use from 22 gallon/in$^2$in 1997 to 5 gallon/in$^2$ in 2012. The criteria will possibly used as exporting obstacle in the future. Generally, Solid content of CMP slurry is about 15wt%. The slurry is diluted with UPW before fed to a CMP process. When the slurry is discharged from the process as waste, it contains 0.1~0.6wt% of solid content and 9~10 at pH. The CMP waste slurry is discharged to stream with minimum treatment. In this study, to find optimum condition of coagulation for water recovery from the waste CMP slurry various condition of coagulation were examined. After coagulation far 0.1 wt% solid content of waste CMP slurry, the sludge volume was 10~15% after 30 min of sedimentation time. For the 0.5 wt%, sludge volume was 50~55% after one hour of sedimentation time. For more than 80% of water recycling, the solid content should be in the range of 0.1 to 0.2wr%. Based on the result of the turbidity removal, the Zeta Potential and the analysis of heavy metals, the optimum condition for 0.1 wr% of waste CMP slurry was with 20 mg/L of PACI at 4 to 5 of pH. The result showed that the optimum conditions fer the 0.1 wt% waste CMP slurry were 100mg/L of Alum at 4~5 of pH, 100 mg/L of MgCI$_2$at pH 10 to 11 and 100 mg/L of Ca(OH)$_2$at pH 9 to 11, respectively.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2009

본 연구는 Y 정수장 혼화지의 응집효율을 향상시킬 목적으로 혼화지에서 생성되는 플럭을 실시간 온라인으로 평가하였다. 플럭크기를 평가하는 장비로는 온라인으로 플럭을 연속적으로 평가할 수 있는 응집플럭성장측정장치(iPDA)를 사용하였다. 플럭크기를 평가하기 위해 유기고분자 응집제인 폴리아민, 무기응집제 주입량, 원수의 탁도, pH같은 여러 가지 인자를 변수로 적용하였다. 현장실험 기간 동안 사용된 응집제는 폴리염화알루미늄(PACl)이었고, 응집보조재로 폴리아민이 사용되었다. 현장 테스트 기간 동안 원수의 탁도는 25~140 NTU 범위, pH는 7~9이었다. 원수의 탁도가 증가할수록 생성되는 플럭의 크기도 증가 하여 침전속도에 영향을 미쳤다. 회귀선분석으로 부터 FSI (Floc size index)와 탁도 T 값과의 관계식을 다음과 같이 얻었다. FSI = 0.9388logT - 0.3214 ($R^2$ = 0.8040, T : Turbidity) 또한 보조제로 사용된 폴리아민도 플럭크기값에 큰 영향을 주었고, 색도제거제로 사용된 활성탄(PAC)도 그 자체 입자로 작용하여 응집플럭크기 값에 영향을 상당히 주는 것으로 나타났다. 고탁도인 경우 FSI는 [PACl]과 [PAC]함수로 다음과 같은 식을 유도할 수 있었으며 $R^2$ = 0.9050이었다. FSI = $0.0407[T]^{0.324}[PACI]^{0.769}[PAC]^{0.178}$ [PACl] = PACl 주입농도, [PAC] = 활성탄 주입농도 상대적 응집속도 ${\Delta}FST/{\Delta}T$ 값은 응집제의 주입량보다는 활성탄의 주입량이 더 큰 영향을 주었다. 본 연구과정에서 활성탄주입량이 응집속도에 미치는 영향은 응집제의 주입농도가 미치는 것보다 ${\Delta}FST/{\Delta}T$ 값이 1.41 배 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 연구한 결과 플럭크기값 FSI는 여러 가지 영향인자에 상당한 영향을 받는 것으로 분석되었고, 집혼화 효율향상에 유익한 데이터를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare both the performance of litters derived from two sire genetic origins (SGO), Vienna Blue (VB) and Burgundy Fawn (BF), along successive seasons of birth (SB; winter, spring, summer and autumn), and doe reproductive performance in an organic production system. A total of fifty-eight does consisting of a mixture of crosses of several medium-large size breeds at different parity order (P, 1 = nulliparous; 2 = primiparous; ${\geq}3$ = multiparous) and twelve males (6 VB and 6 BF) were housed indoors at environmental conditions that followed seasonality. An extensive reproductive rhythm was used and kits were weaned at $46{\pm}6$ d of age. Doe reproductive performance and the data of 105 litters (55 from VB and 50 from BF SGO) were recorded throughout the SB. No statistically significant differences related to SGO effect were observed. As regards parity order, multiparous does showed higher live weights (LW) (p<0.05), total born (p<0.01), total born alive (p<0.05) per delivery, and litter weight of born alive (p<0.05), but lower milk output at 21st d than primiparous does (p<0.05). The extensive reproductive rhythm mainly increased litter performance at birth in multiparous does but was not sufficient to permit a complete recovery of body reserves lost during lactation. Autumn SB negatively affected doe LW variation between deliveries. The number of pups born and born alive per delivery (p<0.05) and litter size at 21 d of age and at weaning (p<0.01) were lower during hot SB. Due to the lower litter size of pups born in summer and autumn, their individual weight at 21st d of age and daily individual growth rate 0 to 21 d were higher than those of pups born in winter (p<0.001). Litter performance at 21st d of age and individual pup pre-weaning growth rate were poorer for those born in spring than in other seasons due to the harmful effects of increased environmental temperatures. SB affected most of the performance traits of does and young rabbits reared under the organic farming system. The rabbits seemed better suited to organic rearing conditions during winter than in other seasons. The worst results overall were obtained in the spring SB, whereas the hot SB negatively affected both doe energy balance and prolificacy. In conclusion, the pups of the 2 SGO showed good pre-weaning performance and seemed suited to the organic rabbit production system.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2010

본 연구는 전북 K시에 위치한 초등학교 5-6학년 남녀 아동 588명을 대상으로 아동이 지각한 부모-자녀간 의사소통과 대인관계성향이 아동의 외로움에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 아동용 자기보고 설문지에 의해 자료를 수집하였으며, 부모-자녀간 의사소통척도(PACI), 아동의 대인관계성향 척도, 아동의 외로움 척도가 사용되었다. 연구결과, 아동의 외로움 수준은 대체적으로 낮은 경향을 보였으며 부모와의 의사소통 수준은 약간 개방적인 경향을 보였다. 아동의 대인관계성향은 사교-우호적 성향이 가장 높고 그 다음이 독립-책임감적, 동정-수용적 성향으로 나타나 대체로 긍정적인 경향이 높게 나타났다. 부모-자녀간 의사소통과 아동의 외로움은 부적상관을 나타내었고, 대인관계성향의 하위변인들과도 대부분 서로 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 부모-자녀간 의사소통 및 대인관계성향이 아동의 외로움에 미치는 상대적 영향력을 분석한 결과, 부모-자녀간의 의사소통이 폐쇄적일수록, 사교-우호적 성향이 낮을수록 아동의 외로움 수준이 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 연구결과에 기초하여 아동이 외로움을 느끼지 않고 건강하게 성장 발달할 수 있도록 도울 수 있는 가정과 사회의 관심과 지원방향에 대해 논의하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.188-196
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• 2018

본 연구는 여대생이 지각한 부모-자녀 간 의사소통이 여대생의 스마트폰 중독과 우울에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 본 연구를 위하여 S 도시에 소재한 3개의 대학교의 여대생 151명을 대상으로 부모-자녀 간 의사소통, 스마트폰 중독, 우울 검사를 실시하였다. 자료 수집기간은 2017년 11월 1일에서 12월 8일까지였다. 수집된 자료는 t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficients와 multiple regression으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 여대생의 스마트폰 중독은 35.08(SD=6.83)점으로, 어머니와의 의사소통이 폐쇄적이며 문제가 있다고 인식할수록 스마트폰 중독이 높은 것으로 나타났다(${\beta}=.27$, p=.028). 아버지와의 개방적 의사소통은 스마트폰 중독을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다(${\beta}=-.27$, p=.030). 여대생의 우울은 15.86(SD=10.45)점으로 45% 정도가 우울을 경험하고 있으며 어머니와의 의사소통이 문제가 있다고 인식할수록 우울이 높게 나타났다(${\beta}=.29$, p=.022). 연구 결과에 비추어 볼 때, 여대생의 부모-자녀 간 의사소통은 스마트폰 중독과 우울에 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 여대생의 스마트폰 중독과 우울의 정도를 줄이거나 예방하기 위한 전략으로, 권위적이고 폐쇄적인 의사소통보다는 자녀를 독립된 인격체로 존중하는 개방적인 의사소통에 중점을 둔 맞춤형 의사소통 프로그램이 도움이 될 것이다.