• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2019

The study investigated the dietary effects of medicinal herbs extract and multiple probiotics mixture on the growth performance, innate immune response and antibacterial activity of nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Tilapia were divided in four groups. The first is a fish group fed a basal diet added with 40% medicinal herbs extract (MHE). The second is a fish group fed a basal diet supplied with $2{\times}10^8CFU/g$ of 2 Bacillus sp, 2 Lactobacillus sp and 2 Yeast sp, respectively (PB). The third group was fed with a mixture of probiotics (2 Bacillus sp, 2 Lactobacillus sp and 2 Yeast sp) with the medicinal herbs extract added in basal diet (MHE+PB). The fourth group was fed only a basal diet (C). In a non-specific immune parameters analysis, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity (PA), alternative complement pathway activity ($ACH_{50}$) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the group MHE+PB compared to other groups. Both PB and MHE groups showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity compared to the control C group, whereas no significant differences were observed in PA, $ACH_{50}$ and SOD activity compared to the control group. In challenging test, fish were administered with Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) on 30 days after feeding with each experimental diet and viable E. tarda cell reduction was checked over 21 days post injection. MHE+PB group showed a significantly (p<0.05) reduced E. tarda cells compared to other groups. No significant antibacterial difference (p>0.05) was observed between PB and MHE only treated group. Compared to the control, a significant antibacterial difference (p<0.05) appeared in PB but not in MHE (p>0.05). The results suggest that the probiotics and MHE mixture could be utilized as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of fish diseases caused by E. tarda.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.257-261
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• 2000

Integumentary system of the polychaete, Perinezeis aibuhitensis was consisted cuticular, epidermal and dermal layers. Excretory pores opened in cuticular layer, which is covered with epicuticular projections. The hemidesmosomes were observed between supporting cell and basal area of cuticular layer. The epidermal layer was consisted supporting cells and unicellular glands. Supporting cell was relatively larger than the other neighbouring cells, and the nucleus had one to two nucleolus. Cytoplasm of the supporting cell had well-developed intracellular organs such as tonofilaments, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticula, free ribosomes and pigment granules of electron dense. The gland cells were reacted with blue in AB-PAS, and classified into the three types such as ${\alpha},\;{\beta}\;and\;{\gamma}$ from the transmission electron microscopic observation. Type ${\alpha}$ gland cell was ovoid and the cytoplasm had well-developed tonofilaments and membrane bounded secretory granules of $0.8{\~}1.5 {\mu}m$ in diameter. Type ${\beta}$ gland cell had a large vacuole and secretory granules of $0.5{\~}0.8 {\mu}m$, which scattered evenly in the cytoplasm. Type ${\gamma}$ gland cell had well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi auparatus and secretory granules of $0.2{\~}0.3 {\mu}m$ in diameter. The electron density of this granules was the highest among the granules.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.469-473
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• 2009

We present high-voltage liquid-electrolyte microbatteries, inspired from the high-voltage generation mechanism of electric eels using serially connected multiple-cell arrays. In the microbatteries, we purge air into the electrolyte filled in a channel layer to isolate serially connected multiple cell arrays using three surface-tension valves (cell-front, outlet, and cell-end valves). Compared to the previous multi-cell stack or interconnection, present microbatteries provide a reduced multi-cell charging time. We have designed and characterized four different prototypes C1, C10, C20, and C40 having 1, 10, 20, and 40 cells, respectively. In the experimental study, the threshold pressures of cell-front, outlet, and cell-end valves were measured as $460{\pm}47$, $1,000{\pm}53$, and $2,800{\pm}170$ Pa, respectively. The average charging time for C40 was measured as $26.8{\pm}4.9$ seconds where the electrolyte and air flow-rates are 100 and $10{\mu}l/min$, respectively. Microbatteries showed the maximum voltage of 12 V (C40), the maximum power density of $110{\mu}W/cm^2$ (C40), and the maximum power capacity of $2.1{\mu}Ah/cm^2$ (C40). We also proposed a tapered-channel to remove the reaction gas from the cell chamber using a surface tension effect. The present microbatteries are applicable to high-voltage portable power devices.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to compare the cultural characteristics of mycorrizal fungi associated with Pinus species, and to form mycorrhizal association with Pinus thunbergii by artificial inoculation of these fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi tested showed great variations in cultural characteristics. Most fungal isolates was best grown on MP medium, except PDA for Lepista sp.(Ln73/92). Hagem for Rhizopogon rubescens(FRI91017), and FDA for Paxillus sp.(Pa60/92). Optimum temperature for these fungi was $25^{\circ}C$, except $30^{\circ}C$ for Pisolithus tinctorius(FRI91004 and Pt1). The range of pH conditions favorable for these fungal isolates were also variable from weak acidic(pH5) to weak alkalic(pH8). Utilization of the carbon sources for these mycorrhizal fungi was different. Fructose, glucose, and maltose were all utilized well, while xylose was not utilized generally. Mycelial growth on the media supplemented with potassium nitrate was better than those on other media with urea, asparagine, or peptone as a nitrogen source, and the poor growth was observed on the media with urea. Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt1) among 7 mycorrhizal fungi artificially inoculated for the mycorrhizal synthesis on pinus thunbergii seedlings in the test tube containing a mixture of peat moss-vermiculite(2:1, v/v) formed mycorrhizae successfully after 3 months. P. tinctorius formed branched and unbranched roots covered with thick fungal mantle and radiating extemal hyphae. Mycorrhizal root cross-sectioned by hand, stained, and observed by Nomarski interference microscope showed typical characteristics of ectomycorrhizae: fungal mantle on epidermal cells and thick Hartig net hyphae around cortex cells.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.507-534
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• 2015

The present work investigates the behavior of the embankment models resting on soft soil reinforced with ordinary and stone columns encased with geogrid. Model tests were performed with different spacing distances between stone columns and two lengths to diameter ratios (L/d) of the stone columns, in addition to different embankment heights. A total number of 42 model tests were carried out on a soil with undrianed shear strength $${\sim_\sim}10kPa$$. The models consist of stone columns embankment at s/d equal to 2.5, 3 and 4 with L/d ratio equal 5 and 8. Three embankment heights; 200 mm, 250 mm and 300 mm were tested for both tests of ordinary (OSC) and geogrid encased stone columns (ESC). Three earth pressure cells were used to measure directly the vertical effective stress on column at the top of the middle stone column under the center line of embankment and on the edge stone column for all models while the third cell was placed at the base of embankment between two columns to measure the vertical effective stress in soft soil directly. The performance of stone columns embankments relies upon the ability of the granular embankment material to arch over the 'gaps' between the stone columns spacing. The results showed that the ratio of the embankment height to the clear spacing between columns (h/s-d) is a key parameter. It is found that (h/s-d)<1.2 and 1.4 for OSC and ESC, respectively; (h is the embankment height, s is the spacing between columns and d is the diameter of stone columns), no effect of arching is pronounced, the settlement at the surface of the embankment is very large, and the stress acting on the subsoil is virtually unmodified from the nominal overburden stress. When $(h/s-d){\geq}2.2$ for OSC and ESC respectively, full arching will occur and minimum stress on subsoil between stone columns will act, so the range of critical embankment height will be 1.2 (h/sd) to 2.2 (h/s-d) for both OSC and ESC models.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2020

Luminespib (AUY922), a heat shock proteins 90 inhibitor, has anti-neoplastic and antitumor effects. However, it is not clear whether AUY922 affects events in vascular diseases. We investigated the effects of AUY922 on the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). VSMC viability was detected using the XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reagent. To detect the attenuating effects of AUY922 on PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs migration in vitro, we performed the Boyden chamber and scratch wound healing assays. To identify AUY922-mediated changes in the signaling pathway, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was analyzed by immunoblotting. The inhibitory effects of AUY922 on migration and proliferation ex vivo were tested using an aortic ring assay. AUY922 was not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 5 nM. PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, and sprout outgrowth were significantly decreased by AUY922 in a dose-dependent manner. AUY922 significantly reduced the PDGF-BB-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. Furthermore, PD98059 (a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor) and LY294002 (a selective Akt inhibitor) decreased VSMC migration and proliferation by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. Greater attenuation of PDGF-BB-induced cell viability and migration was observed upon treatment with PD98059 or LY294002 in combination with AUY922. AUY922 showed anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects towards PDGF-BB-induced VSMCs by regulating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt. Thus, AUY922 is a candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis and restenosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.346-347
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• 2012

최근 화석연료 대체 에너지원으로서 자동차용으로 연구 개발 및 응용되고 있는 고분자 전해질 연료전지(PEMFC: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells)에서 분리판(Bipolar Plate)은 스택 전체 무게의 80%, 스택 가격의 60% 정도로 가장 높은 비중을 차지한다. 분리판은 연료와 산화제를 공급해주는 통로 및 전지 운전 중에 생성된 물을 제거하는 통로 역할과 anode, cathode로서 전극 역할을 통해 스택 전력을 형성하는 핵심 기능과 전지와 전지 사이의 지지대 역할을 한다. 따라서 분리판은 전기전도성, 내부식성 및 기계적 특성이 우수해야함은 물론이고, 얇고 가벼우며 가공성이 뛰어나야 한다. 현재 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 금속 분리판 소재 중 스테인리스 스틸은 전기적, 기계적 특성 및 내부식성이 우수한 반면, 가격이 비싸고, 중량이 무거운 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 DC 반응성 마그네트론 스퍼터링법으로 전기적, 기계적 특성 및 내부 식성이 우수한 TiN, TiCN 박막을 스테인리스에 비해 중량이 1/3, 소재 단가가 1/4인 알루미늄 기판 위에 증착하여 박막 물성을 평가하였다. DC Power는 400 W, 기판과 타겟 사이의 거리는100 mm, 공정 압력은 0.5 Pa로 고정하였고, 3 inch의 지름과 순도 99.95%를 갖는 티타늄 타겟을 사용하였다. 공정 가스는 Ar을 주입하였으며, 질소와 탄소의 공급원으로는 질소($N_2$)와 메탄($CH_4$) 가스를 사용하여 챔버 내 주입혼합가스의 전체 유량을 50 sccm으로 고정시켰다. 증착된 박막의 전기적, 기계적 특성을 측정하였고, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM)을 이용하여 박막의 미세구조 및 표면 상태를 확인하였다. 또한, 내부식 특성을 평가하기 위해 potentiostatic, potentiodynamic 법을 이용하여 박막의 부식저항을 측정하였다. 증착된 TiN 박막의 경우 질소 함량의 증가에 따라 박막 증착속도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 타겟 부근의 질소 라디칼 비율이 증가함에 따라 질화반응이 촉진된 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 증착된 TiN과 TiCN 박막은 반응성 질소 유량과 탄소 유량에 따라 각각 다른 미세구조를 가지는 것을 확인하였다. TiN과 TiCN은 NaCl형의 면심입방격자(FCC)로 같은 구조이며, 격자상수가 비슷하여 전율고용되어 TiCN을 형성하고, 탄소와 질소의 비에 따라 전기적 기계적 특성이 달라짐을 확인하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1997

A saline suspension of Lumbricus rubellus earthworm powder (EWP) was administered to rats (1 g/kg/day) orally for 15 days to evaluate an oral effectiveness for thrombotic disorders. Blood was drawn at 2-day interval after the administration. Several parameters for antithrombotic, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities were measured, including platelet aggregation, clotting time, plasmin activity and the levels of FDP (fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products), D-dimer, and t-PA antigen. It did not affect platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen but anticoagulant activity (aPTT and TT) was gradually increased to two-folds for the first 5 days of administration and back to normal. Fibrinolytic activity of euglobulin fraction was highest on the 11 th day after the administration. The level of FDP was elevated to be comparable to the positve control$ (5-10 {\mu}g/ml)$ after 9-day treatment. Oral administration of the EWP could also reduce the formation of venous thrombus induced with viper venom. Complete blood count (CBC) profiles were within normal ranges except for a slight increase in white blood cells after the oral administration for 15 days. These results suggested that the EWP may be valuable for the prevention and/or treatment of thrombotic diseases.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.33-33
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• 2019

The AKT signaling pathway is a highly regulated cell signaling system that forms a network with other cell signaling pathways. Hence, the AKT signaling pathway mediates several important cellular functions that include cell survival, proliferation, cell migration, and et cetera. Irregularities that led overactive AKT signaling have been linked to many diseases such as cancer and metabolic-associated diseases. Hence, modulating the overactive AKT signaling pathway via inhibitor is a tantalizing prospect for treatment of cancer and metabolic-associated diseases. Two inhibitors of the AKT signaling pathway will be presented in this symposium: 1) Bisleuconothine A (BisA), a bisindole alkaloid that inhibit autophagy and 2) Ceramicine B (CerB), a limonoid that inhibit adipogenesis. The first topic is on a bisindole alkaloid, BisA and its mechanism in inducing autophagosome formation in lung cancer cell line, A549.(1) Since most autophagy inducing agents generally induce apoptosis, we found that BisA does not induce apoptosis even in high dose. BisA up-regulation of LC3 lipidation is achieved through mTOR inactivation. The phosphorylation of PRAS40, a mTOR repressor was suppressed by BisA. This observation suggested that BisA inactivates mTOR via suppression of PRAS40 phosphorylation. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of AKT, an upstream regulator of PRAS40 phosphorylation was also down-regulated by BisA. These findings suggested that Bis-A induces autophagosomes formation by interfering with the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. The second topic is on CerB and its mechanism in inhibiting adipogenesis in preadipocytes cell line, MC3T3-G2/PA6.(2,3) CerB inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) at the Thr308 position but not the Ser473. Consequently, the phosphorylation of FOXO3 which is located downstream of AKT is also inhibited. Considering that FOXO3 is an important regulator of PPARγ which is a key factor in adipogenesis, CerB may inhibit adipogenesis via the AKT-FOXO3 signaling pathway. Taken together, both BisA and CerB highlighted the potential of AKT signaling pathway modulation as an approach to induce autophagy and inhibit the formation of fat cells, respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Ginseng extract (GSE) and taurine (TR) are widely used antifatigue resources in functional foods. However, the mechanism underlying the antifatigue effects of GSE and TR are still unclear. Hence, we investigated whether GSE and TR have synergistic effects against fatigue in mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: L6 cells were treated with different concentrations of TR and GSE, and cell viability was determined using 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium. Oxidative stress was analyzed by immunocytochemistry using MitoTracker^TM Red FM and an anti-8-oxoguanine antibody. Respiratory gas analysis was performed to investigate metabolism. Expression of an activated protein kinase was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression of cluster of differentiation 36 and pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mice were orally administered TR, GSE, or their combination for 30 days, and then fatigue-related parameters, including lactate, blood urea nitrogen, and glycogen, were measured after forced swimming. RESULTS: TR and GSE reduced oxidative stress levels in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated L6 cells and enhanced the oxygen uptake and lipid metabolism in mice after acute exercise. After oral administration of TR or GSE for 30 days, the fatigue-related parameters did not change in mice. However, the mice administered GSE (400 mg/kg/day) alone for 30 days could swim longer than those from the other groups. Further, no synergistic effect was observed after the swimming exercise in mice treated with the TR and GSE combination for 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data suggest that TR and GSE may exert antifatigue effects in mice after acute exercise by enhancing oxygen uptake and lipid oxidation.